A VOCATION OF POLES AND JEWS IN LOVES
Immediately after the Germans entered Lviv after 22 June 1941, the Ukrainian police with the Ukrainian-German battalion "Nachtigall", together with the soldiers of the Wehrmacht (it is not actual that only the SS and Gestapo murdered Poles and Jews) held respective 100 Jews and Poles a gruesome bloody bath in the prison of Brigidka in Lviv. This event had its prehistory. Shortly after June 22, 1941, a panic broke out among the Lviv Bolsheviks, and many of them fled east in a panic. After a fewer days they came to their senses and any authorities, especially any of the military, militia and NKVD returned. So we can talk about the second business of Lviv. The period in late 1944 the historians considered the beginning of the second business of Lviv by the Soviets, but it was practically the 3rd business of the russian city of Lviv.
For respective days after the Bolsheviks escaped from Lviv, there was anarchy, Germans, standing inactive in Przemyślów, did not rush to Lviv. The NKVD, knowing these actions, returned to Lviv, mainly to execution the remainder of the Lviv prisoners.
Meanwhile, any of Brigidek's prisoners, most of all criminals, managed to break the target's door and escape. Some, as if not believing in the defeat of the Red Army, did so with any delay, possibly even suspecting any Bolshevik ruse. Among the second were political prisoners and intelligence. All those whose returning NKVD officers were found in cells and in the yard, they slaughtered with beastly series of device guns. respective 100 Jews were forced to bury these bodies, which were then shot at the site. The Bolsheviks, on the another hand, have since definitely escaped. This massacre became a dangerous announcement of the destiny of Lviv Poles and Jews. Shortly after the Germans entered Lviv, on 4 July 1941 the German – Ukrainian battalion “Nachtigall” murdered 45 Polish professors of Lviv universities on the slopes of Kadecka Mountain, Wulecki Hills in Lviv. German – Ukrainian crime device murdered Poles as well as Jews, not only in Lviv, but besides in the full South-Eastern Borders and east Małopolska of the Second Republic.
It is worth adding that the unusual and indecisive behaviour of the Bolsheviks in these days was a consequence of Stalin's confusion. Listening diligently to the radio “Free Europe” we already knew for respective weeks about the concentration of the Nazi army in the alleged General Government, which was besides told by railway operators. Stalin besides specifically warned his Tokyo super spy Sorge. But the wiser Stalin aired in these news an English intrigue aimed at disparaging him with Hitler, to whom he had supplied oil and food for almost the last fewer days. True, in “Iswisties” and “Truth” articles began to appear which praised the effectiveness of the anti-aircraft defence of London, of which – knowing the programal bias of russian media - we thought that any features appeared at the Soviet-Hitlerovian covenant. However, these suspicions were denied by Stalin himself, explaining in the radio speech the concentration of German troops in the General Governorate the abundance of food in these areas. shortly the bombs falling at russian airports and factories would convince him how far he was incorrect and how unsuccessful his fierce fight against espionage was. Cleverly utilized by Abwehra led him to slaughter his most capable generals, which, among others, led Hitler to strike the weakened russian Union.
Let us return to the Lviv Holocaust, not only the Lviv Jews, whose first act we have already met. Its size is best illustrated by 2 numbers. By entering Lviv, the Germans found about 160,000 Jews, about 1 3rd more than they were on 1 September 1939. This increase in numbers was due to the escape of many Jews from the General Government.
When Germans left Lviv in 1944, about 700 Jews remained in Lviv, hidden by Poles or – exceptionally – rescued as essential professionals, by managers of German companies, sometimes anti-hitlers, operating for the Wehrmacht, e.g. sewing military uniforms (so-called city workshops).
The methods of murdering Jews were different. Initially, they were shot, e.g. close the Czartowska stone on the road to Winnik, or in a camp on Janowska Street called the University of Zbórów, or in its neighbourhood. The execution of respective million people would not have been possible without the invention of the cyclone, the gas that was thrown into closed chambers in a solid form. People died in them within minutes, among the torments caused by shortness of breath.
I was always amazed where so many people came from in the German people, who actively participated in these savage murders, comparatively agreed with them or pretended not to know about them. This last attitude was most common among the Germans with whom I spoke. The condemnation or willingness to aid Poles, or the Jews, I met only a fewer times. Moreover, in relation to Poles and Jews in Lviv and Warsaw, only very fewer Germans were powerfully opposed to Nazi persecution.
This issue concerns all totalitarianisms. erstwhile talking to russian people, not only to organization officials, militia officers, but besides to the alleged grey man, simple man or intelligent man, e.g. doctors, I frequently found that they were profoundly convinced about the historical condition of their russian hegemony over another nations. They were blind to their own cultural and civilizational backwardness, mostly due to the insane, completely unfit economical and social system, as well as the centuries-old Tsaric tyranny. Sometimes it was possible to announcement what kind of intellectual shock the intelligent ones experienced in dealing with capitalism, which, contrary to the doctrine that has been drained from their childhood, gave everyone, not only the rich, much greater opportunities for individual improvement than, for example, the socialist system. This strategy had nothing to do with the future mirages of Marxist prophets.
The first large slaughter of Jews, which took the lives of about 80,000 people, was celebrated by Germany in August 1942. Until then, Poles and Jews had died hundreds or thousands in prisons, labour camps, e.g. in Jaktorów and extermination camps in Bełżec, Oświęcim and Majdanek.
The stubbornness with which Germany was its Ausrottung decided at the beginning of the war at the gathering of the authorities of the NSDAP in Wansee ("the final settlement of the judaic case" by Hitler himself) frequently clashed with the needs of the war fought in the East, absorbing, for example, crucial transport potential, especially in freight wagons. Both in Germany before the Nazi and present, anti-Semitism, neither authoritative nor "people" was and is not. Although many historians and publicists analysed the causes of Nazi madness – a convincing answer was not found. Personally, I think that the victories of the German army (the celebrated "Victoria on all fronts" painted on the facades of the tenement houses) have mostly contributed to the support of Nazism by the German people.
Today, we know that Anglo-Saxon policy has mostly favoured Nazi causes. Their calculating was to make Nazism and Bolshevikism devour each other. But Stalin had a akin complacency toward all Western Europe, and he actually realized his plan, thanks to which the russian sphere of influence reached for the Elbe.
Returning to the Lviv Jews, it is worth mentioning that any of them chose to cooperate with the Gestapo. There were respective 100 judaic police officers who worked closely with German and Ukrainian police. Their boss, Goliger, a peculiar bastard and drunkard, was murdered in his own bed by Jews returning with russian power. There was a kahal – Judenrat (Jewish municipality) who exacted his contribution from the Jews, confiscated their furs, jewelry, works of art, furniture, and all this supplied to the Germans, which did not prevent Judenrat officials from being destroyed, or even from hanging its presidents Parnas and Rothfeld on the balconies of the cahale building on Bernstein Street in Lviv.
In the Przemysl ghetto, I besides saw judaic policemen armed only with rubber sticks, which were abused by their fellows, including children, frequently hurting them severely.
HANNAH ARENDT
This is described in item by Hannah Arendt, German politician, philosopher, judaic journalist, prof. of the University of Chicago
and fresh School for Social investigation in fresh York. Until 1952, she worked on a commission to save European Jews' cultural heritage. She created 1 of the most celebrated theories of totalitarianism. She was inspired by ancient doctrine and Kant's philosophy. She was a prominent historian who, among others, showed large work for the Holocaust of Jews in German ghettos in occupied countries, including Poland in the activities of judaic police.
Patron of the judaic Historical Institute in Warsaw Emanuel Ringelblum in his work “Kronika ghettoów Warsaw” described the crimes of the judaic police in the German ghetto in Warsaw.
In Poland, no of Hannah Arendt's books were published in the authoritative national publishing home until 1985.
In order to facilitate their extermination and to prevent any thought of the resistance, Germany has utilized terrible mass and public panic to completely paralyze the persecuted. Each hebrew was trying to save his own household and skin. It was only in a hopeless situation that the Warsaw Jews were kidnapped to emergence in the ghetto, with the aid of the armed Home Army with the valor of the judaic Military Union, which should not be mentioned even today.
UKRAIN POLICE Enemies
But this political movement never happened in Lviv. The conditions were besides more hard here. Above all, Ukrainian hostility towards Poles worsened the situation of Jews, but nevertheless Poles hid Jews, despite the memory of the support given to the Bolshevik authorities by judaic youth in Lviv.
Thus, 1 way to save Jews, primarily assimilated intelligents, was to go to Warsaw, where any of them became victims of blackmailers. The delegates of the London Government and the Home Army had exterminated these informers, issued death sentences on them and carried out a fewer of them, but the German police were protecting them and it was not easy to get to them.
So the Lviv Holocaust proved effective, just as almost everywhere, where Nazi power spread, and especially where Jews in their mass were not assimilated. For example, he was far little effective in Denmark and France, where there were no death sentences for storing Jews, despite the close collaboration of the Vichy, Petain and Laval authorities with Abetz, the Nazi ruler of France.
It should always be remembered that Polish culture owes much to the Lviv Jews. Biochemist Parnas, physicists Loria and Infeld, polonist Kleiner, lawyer Maurice Allerhand; neurologist Rothfeld – Rostowski, philologist Auerbach, composer Koffler, artist Lille – are just a fewer of the chosen names. There were many lawyers, judges, doctors, engineers among Jews who contributed to the improvement of the city of Semper Fidelis – always Faithful Lviv. In the City Council, many of them, Vice-President of the city and its patriots, were the banker Chajes, editor-in-chief of the patriotic judaic paper "Hivil", a letter inversely proportional to the current Polish judaic “Gazeta Wyborcza”, more hated by Poland, Poles, Polishness and the Roman Catholic Church, than the celebrated American judaic lobby, demanding from Poland no longer only $65 billion American title of the alleged “restitution of judaic property”, but forests, factories, squares, streets, trillions of zlotys, or world-famous judaic people want to take over Poland. There were besides judaic collaborators from the Gestapo, mainly in Judenrats formed ghettos. With their help, the Germans killed much more Jews than they could themselves. judaic confiscators in Lviv and in another cities had credentials enabling them to decision outside the ghetto walls, which became a panic for Jews hiding on alleged "Aryan papers" outside ghettos.
The Holocaust besides completely eliminated that part of the population of Lviv which was his pride, as mentioned above. presently (2017) Jews account for 75 percent of the Ukrainian authorities after the Mayan riots, and those who remained alive and their descendants play no function there, which is simply a paradox that they are the object of anti-Semitic excesses, the bander political parties themselves and the president of the Jews Walzman himself. The fewer who are there are a foreign, inflowing russian element, as well as almost all the population of this city, which erstwhile constituted the last eastward bastion of European culture, Antemurale Christianitatis - The Foreground of Christian Europe.
The Lviv Jews were mostly Polish-speaking, any spoke only judaic (Jidish) , Ukrainian did not usage at all, frequently speaking besides with the sound of the alleged smudge.
Szmonces has contributed a lot to Polish culture, a clear example of which is Konrad Tom's cabaret "Sęk" presenting this text, among others, in the cabaret of Dudek by Edward Dzewonski and Wiesław Michnikowski. Listen, I sincerely recommend:
//www.youtube.com/embed/JGVOtZjtY-s
(link is external)
10 August 1942. The Germans started a major liquidation action of the Lviv ghetto, 1 of the largest closed judaic districts in occupied Europe. By August 23, 50,000 Jews were deported to the German extermination camp in Bełżec.
"The liquidation of the ghetto, with a tiny break, took 2 weeks. During these... days and nights, the Nazis and their judaic and Ukrainian police aids hunted their victims like experienced hunters. They pulled them out of their homes, carefully hidden compartments, cellars, attics and exported them to Klepar station, loaded them into wagons and sent them to gas chambers or to shoot them.” – wrote about the extermination of Lviv Jews Jakub Honigsman. ("The demolition of the Jews of Lviv").
LEVIES ACQUIRED
Lviv, which was in russian hands since 22 September 1939, was captured by the Germans on 30 June 1941. At the time the German troops occupied the city, more than 160 1000 were present. Jews.
Already in the first days following the business of Lviv, Germany began to repress the judaic population (the first judaic pogrom was arranged on July 2). It was announced that the Lviv Jews murdered many thousands of political prisoners (Poles and Ukrainians), for whom the NKVD officers were actually responsible.
Jews were beaten and murdered, their property was robbed, immense contributions were imposed on them, synagogues burned and shops owned by them were demolished. Germans besides went to sacrilege, devastated judaic cemeteries, and forced Jews to usage matzeves (stone plates) to build city pavements.
In mid-July 1941, the German authorities ordered Jews to wear David's yellow star on their shoulders, and the work to work for men aged 14-60 was introduced. judaic rights in the usage of urban public space, means of transport and cultural institutions were limited.
On 22 July 1941, the Lviv Judenrat was created, headed by Lviv lawyer Józef Parnas (he was murdered in October of that year for refusing to send Jews to labour camps). 3 days later, new, highly bloody anti-Jewish riots broke out in the city, which went into past under the name "Patlura Days" (named after Symon Petlura, president of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1919 to 1926). Over 2,000 Jews were murdered for respective days.
“The streets of the city presented a pathetic view. Through the half-empty streets were dragged by a bunch of appendixes armed with sticks, axes, knives, shovels, forks, beating in an unmerciful way all passerby looking like a Jew," said Edmund Kessler. (survival of the Holocaust in Lviv)
On 1 August 1941, the area of the General Governorate expanded to include Galicia territory (including the erstwhile provinces of Lviv, Tarnopolskie and Stanislawskie). His politician was Karl Lasch. Another leading character of the territory was SS and police commander Gen. Fritz Katzmann, author of the alleged Katzmann study – documentation of the extermination of Galician Jews.
In 1941, centres of forced labour for the judaic population were established in the district: Janowski camp (University of Zbrzyów) in Lviv and camps in Winniki, Ostrowiec, Kurowice, Lacky, Drohobych, Jaktorów, Borysław and Pluchów.
GETTO GETTO
On November 6, 1941, by order of politician Lasch in the north-western part of Lviv, a judaic ghetto was created (according to another ghetto sources it was to be established in September or October). Within its borders there were, among others, streets: Zamarstynowska, Abolitions, part of Warsaw and Poltavaska. The closed territory was located close the Lviv-Tarnopol railway line.
Within a period the ghetto was to be inhabited by 136 1000 people. Jews, of which about 80 1000 had to decision there from the “Aryan” part of the city. There were disastrous conditions of existence in the judaic district. Jews lived in crowded dwellings, many of them dying of starvation, illness (in the ghetto frequently erupted typhoid epidemics) and exhaustion.
The Germans divided the judaic population into useful (able for work) and useless. The occupiers carefully controlled work certificates; those who did not have them, mostly, children, old men and women, were shot or exported to concentration camps. The place of their execution was, among others, Piaski located in Łychczak, in the suburbs of Lviv.
As Kessler, a group of three, wrote, as a regulation – 1 Gestapoer and 2 Ukrainian SS soldiers, dressed in black uniforms and helmets “were sweeping houses, taking everyone who looked like an old man or was sloppyly clothed. Under the conditions in which Jews lived, many 30-year-old men or women resembled old men.”
Jews were besides repressed in prisons located within the judaic district: Weissenhoffa Street and Źródlana Street.
GETTA LIQUIDATION
At the end of February 1942. Jews were banned from leaving the ghetto under death penalty. The appropriate preparations for the final extermination of Jews began in March, which was related to the beginning of the Reinhardt Action, planned by
Germans – Nazis, the extermination of Jews in the territory of the General Government (the liquidation of the ghetto in Lublin started on 16 March 1942 is the beginning).
During the alleged first deportation action from the Lviv ghetto in March 1942, about 15,000 Jews were called "to work on desiccated swamps in Polesia", while in fact they were murdered. The deportation actions of the Jews besides continued in subsequent months, which was the announcement of the general liquidation of the ghetto.
German patrols and judaic collaborators And Ukrainian police were organizing streetblocks. The police were assisted by SS members and officers of the judaic Order Service (Ordnungdienst).
On 10 August, the large liquidation action of the ghetto began., “policemen broke into buildings, expelled men, women and children.
They then gathered them in groups and escorted them to or to Klepar station. Cattle wagons were prepared there’ – wrote Honigsman.
There were 150 people in 1 carriage at once. The hardships of the journey turned out to be murderous to many of them. The destination of the transports was the German extermination camp in Bełżec.
EXTERMINATION
After unloading, Jews were stripped and sent to gas chambers for forced “disposal”. "People stood 1 by the other: 700-800 people on 25 square meters. SS – mani crowded them 1 to another as shortly as possible. The door was locked, the others were waiting bare for their line outside. They were expected to kill people with diesel engine exhaust. However, the engine did not work.... After 2 hours and 49 minutes, the engine started working. It's been 25 minutes. Now most of them are dead. You can see it through a tiny window erstwhile the chambers were lit for a while. After 28 minutes, only a fewer people breathe. Finally, after 32 minutes, no 1 is alive," wrote an eyewitness to the murders of Jews in Bełżec, SS officer Kurt Gerstein, in a study of August 1942.
During the liquidation of the ghetto, about 50,000 Jews were sent to Bełżec to die. Those who were not in transports to the extermination camp were shot on site or sent back to labour camps.
After the action, the area of the closed judaic territory was reduced; the alleged fresh ghetto was created, closing along the streets: Zamarstynowska, Warszawska, Kleparowska. At that time 36,000 Jews were surviving in a tiny area.
On 10 November, the ghetto was converted into a closed labour camp, the alleged Yulag (Judenlager; there was a Yulag A – for workers and Yulag B – for women and children) and separated from the remainder of the town by fence. The camp commander was sadistically disposed towards the Jews by SS officer Josef Grzymek.
In the autumn, the raids and transports of Jews to Belzec continued. At the end of 1942, there were about 24,000 Jews in Lviv.
Throughout the time, the Gestapo led a propaganda run encouraging the city's residents to denunc their hiding Jews. Although many lions and families risked their lives to save them for helping them hide. Among Poles helping Jews were Julia Szczepaniuk, Zygmunt Frankowski and Włodzimierz Sokołowski. The Jews were besides hidden by Polish individual Leopold Socha of Lviv city sewerage.
In June 1943, the Germans carried out the last displacement action in the ghetto. She found unexpected resistance. During his suppression, the Germans murdered or transported over 20,000 Jews to labour camps. About 3,000 of them committed suicide.
After the liquidation of the Lwów ghetto, he was declared a city “free of Jews” (Judenfrei). According to the Katzmann study by the end of June 1943 Germans murdered about 435,000 Galician Jews.
Jewish economist, investigator of the past of east Galicia and the judaic community in Western Ukraine Prof. Jakub Honigsman in his work “The Holocaust of Lviv Jews (1941 – 1944) says:
‘Lives – the beginning of German and russian Revocations. THE FIRST END OF JEWS.
On September 22, 1939, Lviv was occupied by the Soviets. 1940 began with raids and arrests of Polish and judaic political activists. This was the destiny of Vice president Lvov and president of the judaic Civic Union Victor Chajes (known to me personally, he was in our flat in Lviv, at 4 Jagiellońska Street; the addition of A.S).
Left organization activists – Communist organization of Poland, Communist organization of Western Ukraine, Polish Socialist Party, local communists were arrested and deported to the USSR. The panic that the NKVD introduced covered all social strata. judaic MPs and Senators – Michał Ringl, Zwi Heller, Henry Rosmarin and many others – were deported. 64.583 judaic refugees from Nazi business were deported from Western Ukraine.
Among the arrested and deported were Lviv Jews – people of science, culture, soldiers of the Polish Army mobilized in August 1939 to fight the German occupier.
Many Jews were murdered by the NKVD in Katyn and elsewhere.
The Soviet–German War began on 22 June 1941. On the ninth day of the war at 4:00 a.m., German troops entered Lviv in the company of the German-Ukrainian battalion “Nachtigall” (Słowiki) and the superior officers of the Gestapo and police headed by Theodore Oberländer – the liaison officer of Abwehr with the Brandenburg Regiment and Roman Szuchewycz (“Taras Czuprinka”) the Ukrainian murderer of Poles by OUN – UPA.
According to their instructions, Ukrainian police were established for Lviv and the full district. Together with the German Sonderkommando 4a and 4b conducted arrests and pogroms. German gendarmes and Ukrainian police drove Jews out of their homes, forced them to clean the streets with their bare hands or their own clothes. They beat them with iron rods and sticks. The murders of innocent people occurred all over the city. Many Jews were murdered at the scene.
On June 30, 1941, Ukrainian leaders gathered in the Lviv “Prosvita” building and announced “The Act of renewal of the Ukrainian State”. declaring:
“ The renewed Ukrainian state will work closely with the National Socialist large Germany( ...), which, under Adolf Hitler's leadership, will make a fresh order in the planet (...).”
After a fewer days Germany – the Nazis liquidated Ukrainian government bodies founded by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and their activists arrested them. Despite this, Ukrainian collaborators continued to cooperate with Germany.
On July 2, 1941, a pogrom of Jews broke out in Lviv. The Germans together with the Ukrainian police sent respective 1000 Jews to the yard of the Lviv prisons in Łącki, Brygidek, Pełczyńska, Jachowicz, where they were tortured until their death. The prison walls around the yard until the first level were covered with blood of tortured Jews and covered with pieces of brain.
On the same day, the news was spread on the posts and the Lviv radio that the bodies of Ukrainians and Poles murdered by Bolsheviks and Jews were found in Lviv prisons. The next day, the Nazis gathered in the courtyards the prisoners of Ukrainians, Poles and Jews and showed them the corpses
murdered in June 1941 by NKVD. The Germans reported that the Jews did so. So the crowd turned to beating the Jews. any of the beatings died at the scene.
Similar provocations were conducted by Germany in many busy cities of east Galicia. They led to an detonation of pogroms that lasted all week. Only in Lviv alone 6 1000 Jews were killed.”
On 4 July 1941, the Ukrainian battalion “Nachtigall” murdered 45 professors of Lviv universities on the slopes of Wulecka Hill.
Similarly, the NKVD murdered prisoners before escaping Lviv from Germany, and blood with the brains of the murdered prisoners was visible on the walls surrounding the area of the Lviv Brigidek.(as I myself saw after June 22, 1941; A.S. note)
“ BUILDING THE JUDGE
On July 22, 1941, the judaic Council (Judenrat) was established by the decision of General Rentz and the city's governor. most likely Polanski proposed that a well-known lawyer, prof. of the University of Im. Jan Kazimierz in Lviv was known lawyer – Maurice Allerhand, but this 1 did not accept the proposal, arguing that he was old and sick. At that time, the politician of a lawyer was proposed from February 1937 to 1938 as the commissioner of the government's judaic community, the three-time president of the judaic philanthropic organization B’nai B’rith (Jewish box of Masonic A.S..), assimilationist, erstwhile Austro Army officer – Hungarian Dr. Joseph Parnas.
At the approval of the Germans, the Judenrat was given “autonomic” power over judaic residents. In fact, Judenrat became the “executive body of the Nazi judaic management apparatus in the conquered territory” subordinate to German police and SS. The Judenrat had an extended board structure. It consisted of about twenty-three divisions, sections and subdivisions. These included: Finance, Taxation, Social, Supply, Labour, Economic, wellness Protection, Sanitary, Legal, Housing, ceremony and Furniture Separation Sub-Department (Möbelausteilungen). In the settlement of Jews to the “separate judaic residential area”, the ghetto, the most intensive worked under the Division of Furniture Separation and the Supply Division with the Commission of Savings and Gifts, alleged Sachleistungskommission, which Jews called Raubkomission (the commission of robbery). Members of this commission requisitioned from judaic housing costly furniture, carpets, mirrors and another valuable items, and then donated everything as tribute to the Nazis. They besides robbed Judenrat economical department employees.
The emergence of the Judenrat did not prevent further pogroms. The second pogrom, besides called the "days of Petlura" began on the morning of 25 July 1941 with the inspiration of the Nazis, who established the feast of the Ataman of Ukrainian Symon Petlura, killed by a judaic immigrant in 1926. Ukrainian police and their helpers entered judaic dwellings, robbed and killed innocent, terrified Jews. The pogrom continued until 28 July 1941, but the most casualties brought the first 2 days. 2,000 Jews were murdered in the pogrom. Many were arrested and imprisoned in the Lviv prisons, primarily in the prison at Łąckiego Street, from where a large part was exported shortly to Piaski (Janowski camp called the University of the Bandits by A. S,). And that's where they were shot. The management of Judenrat headed by Dr. Joseph Parnas after this crime turned to the Lviv Jews with a call to deposit at the Judeenrat cash registry at 2 Starotandetna Street in order to pay back a contribution of 20 million rubles imposed on Jews. The call noted that the payment was spread out into 2 instalments. The first 10 million rubles had to be paid in the city bank until 2 August 1941, and the second by 6 August 1941. It was besides informed that if the contribution was not repaid within the prescribed time limit, the authority would carry out a repressive action. At that time, about 2,000 Jews, well-known and respected citizens of the city, were arrested and considered hostages. The remainder of the Jews became panicous, everyone rushed to bring any money, gold or silver ornament, valuable item, and even a household souvenir. Representatives of Polish intelligence besides donated aid to Jews.
They gave the Jews money, gold, regardless of the consequences of these gestures. Thus, on August 2, 1941, part of the contribution was repaid."
The judaic Police in German Ghettos in the Occupied Poland
EMANUEL RINGELBLUM – PATRON of the judaic historical Institute in Warsaw.
UMSCHLAG (EMANUEL RINGELBLUM "GETTER OF WARSZAWSKI" STR. 426 – 428).
"Umschlagplatz (German: Transshipment Square) is simply a non-existent railway ramp on Stawki 4/6 street in Warsaw, which, along with its neighbouring buildings, was utilized in 1942–1943 as a place of concentration of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto before they were taken to the extermination camp in Treblinka and camps in the Lublin district.
In this Warsaw square and in the cemetery there were executions of hundreds of people, old people, weak people, sick people all day. They usually killed all those who were incapable to make "travels" to Treblinka. That was at the beginning of the action, then it was discontinued. Apparently, they feared that the news would not scope the city, which could harm the population. At least 20,000 people were murdered. Those who hungered, despaired, hopelessly had no power to fight any longer. They just didn't have a place to live – their apartments were assigned to any "scotch". They have nothing but to go to death voluntarily."
Jewish Police
"The judaic police had a very bad opinion even before the displacement. Unlike the Polish police, who did not participate in the captures of the labour camp, the judaic police were working on this hideous work. It was besides distinguished by terrible corruption and demoralization. However, it reached the bottom of evil at the time of displacement. Not a single word of protest against the disgusting function of leading his brothers to the slaughter. The police were spiritually prepared for this dirty work, and they were zealously doing it. Now the brain is working to solve the puzzle, how it happened that Jews – mostly intelligent people – were advocates (most of the judaic police officers were lawyers before the war) – themselves applied their hand to the demolition of their brothers. How it came to be that the Jews dragged children and women, old men and sick, knowing that they were all going to slaughter.
Some people think that all society has the police it deserves. And for evil—for helping the occupier to slaughter 300,000 Jews—the full society must be blamed, not just the police, which reflects society. Others point to the fact that poor-natured people went to the police who wanted to last hard times at all costs and believed that all measures led to the goal, and the aim was to last the war, even at the cost of the lives of many people. No wonder that with specified a unscrupulous attitude, which clearly marked all judaic police officers from the highest to the lowest grades, the judaic police performed the German decree on displacement with the top zeal. After all, the fact remains that at the time of the displacement, the judaic police mostly exceeded the designated regular quotas. This was called preparation for the next day. There was no sadness or pain on the faces of the police conducting this operation due to this hideous work. Conversely, you saw them happy, cheerful, gluttonous, plundered Jews robbed together with Ukrainians.
The cruelty of the judaic police was very frequently greater than the Germans, Ukrainians and Latvians.
Many of the Jews' hideouts were “covered” in the “Aryan” parts of the city by the judaic police and judaic collaborators of the Gestapo. The victims who disappeared from the eyes of the Germans were caught by a judaic policeman.
During the march to the carriages, many Jews, who successfully managed to get to the place where they were fired, dragged judaic police back into the carriages.
Thus tens or hundreds of Jews, in these 2 hours, were sentenced to death by judaic policemen. The same thing happened during the blockades. Those who did not have the money to buy out, police enlisted in the carriages or in the column going to Umschlag. The scene I saw on chaotic 3, on the day that all policeman should have delivered 5 “heads” will stay a symbol of the judaic police. I saw a judaic policeman holding his hand at Umschlagplatz an older woman, with an axe on his shoulder. He broke up apartments with an axe. erstwhile he was close Umschlagplatz, where the defender stood, he was ashamed, took off his arm his weapon – an axe and carried it in his hand.
In those days, mostly judaic policemen were seen entering Umschlagplatz women, children, men. Weak convoys on rickshaws.
The judaic police at all gave evidence of incomprehensible savage brutality. Why are our Jews so angry? erstwhile we grow so many hundreds of robbers who catch kids on the streets, they put them on wagons and pull them on Umschlag.
It was just common phenomena that these robbers threw women into the wagons of “Kohn and Heller” or into average trucks. Without mercy, they were furious with people resisting. They were not content with breaking resistance, harshly, very harshly punishing “the guilty” who refused to go to their deaths voluntarily.
Every hebrew in Warsaw, all female and all kid can mention thousands of facts of inhuman cruelty and rage of the judaic police. Those who stay alive will never forget this will should be punished properly."
JEWISH RESOURCES
Other judaic organizations and groups, apart from the police, joined the displacement of Jews, who were destined to die. The front seat is the Abraham Gancwajch Emergency Ambulance with amarant hats, this swindling institution, which did not give any judaic medical aid, and limited its activity to spending thousands of passes and hats for thick thousands. With the aid of Abraham Gancwajch, they freed them from labour camps and protected them from all kinds of misery and taxes. The Emergency Service uniform besides gave the ability to make various scandals and blackmails of the sanitary kind (accident reports, typhoids, sausages, etc.). This bandit gang of judaic scandalists volunteered for the “godly” work of sending Jews to that world. And this is the ringing that stands out as violent and inhuman.
Red hats covered with red blood stains of unhappy judaic masses.
In addition to the judaic Rescue Service Abraham Gancwaich
Officials of the Judenrat (Jewish Municipality) (chahal) helped in killing Jews.
Out of the Germans they participated in the action mostly SS-mani. Their “famous” is justified.
Abraham Gancwaich (born 1902 in Częstochowa, most likely in 1943 in Warsaw) is simply a teacher, journalist, Zionist activist within Ha-Szomer Ha-Cair. A collaborator under German occupation, Head of the Office for the Fight against Lichtenstein and Speculation in the Warsaw Ghetto.
Abraham Gancwaich obtained conventional judaic education, even having a rabbi's diploma.
LEVEL GETTER
Ghetto Lviv (German: Ghetto Lemberg) – a German ghetto for the judaic population in Lviv organized by the Nazi German business authorities
during planet War II.
The 1931 census showed that any of the Jews surviving in the Lions utilized judaic or Hebrew language daily. On 14 July 1941, the German military commander of the city issued an order for the judaic people to wear a white band with a blue star David. On 22 July of that year, city politician Hans Kujath announced his decision to appoint
Judenrat (Jewish Council) Initially, Germany wanted to appoint a prof. of law at the University of Jan Kazimierz, Maurice Allerhand, but after his effective refusal, Józef Parnas took the position.
Besides Parnas, the judaic Council besides included Adolf Rotfeld (Vice-Chairman), Henry Landsberg, Edmund Szercer and Izydor Ginsberg (as of autumn 1941).
At the end of July, the German authorities imposed 20 million rubles on the Lviv Jews. In order to get the judaic people to submit to the demands on 25-28 July 1941, the first pogrom called the large action, or the days of Petlura, was carried out due to the participation of the Ukrainian people in the death. Urban synagogues and cemeteries were destroyed and about 2,000 Jews died. On July 28, the president of the Judenrat called on the population to pay the contribution, most likely without predicting the next million claims – extortion.
The appropriate past of the Lvov ghetto begins on 18 September 1941 erstwhile Galician politician Karl Lasch issued a decision to establish a judaic territory in the northern part of the city – on the Ascension (in another sources it is written about 7 September, 8 October or 8 November). By 15 December 1941, the judaic population was to decision to a peculiar district, with a full of 136 1000 judaic people (previously, there were 20-30 1000 lions surviving in the district). Around 5,000 Jews were killed during the resettlement campaign.
In October 1941, the German authorities murdered Judenrat president Joseph Parnas for refusing to cooperate in supplying judaic people to labour camps. Dr. Awram Rotfeld was appointed as chairman. In the same month, a labour camp (University of Zbrzyów) was established at Janowska Street.
In the first year, the German authorities organized peculiar actions to reduce the number of judaic population in the ghetto (e.g. Under Bridge, Furtran, Resettlement, Lightning).
The Resettlement action took place in March 1942, erstwhile 15,000 unfit people (the alleged asocial element) were taken to Bełżec. The Lightning Action took place on June 24, 1942 – in 1 day 6 to 8,000 Jews were killed who lived outside the ghetto (with approval from the German authorities).
In August 1942, the alleged large Action took place – about 50,000 Jews were sent to Bełżec camp. After this operation, only 50,000 Jews lived in the ghetto.
On 30 August 1942, General Fritz Katzmann issued a decree to reduce the ghetto area – it now included an area bounded by Zamarstynowska Street (from the east), a railway shaft leading from the bridge to Zamarstynowska Street to Tetmajera Street (from the south), Tetmajera Street (from the west) and a building on Zamarstynowska Street 105 (from the north).
Early September 1942 The Germans carried out a demonstration of the assassination of the president of the Judenrat Henry Landsberg and respective of his another members – the bodies hanged were exposed for respective days to public sight.
In November or September, the ghetto area was surrounded by an iron fence.
In the same period the Germans organized the alleged November Action, exporting to the University of Zbórów – Janów camp from 5 to 7 1000 Jews. In the fall, a typhus epidemic broke out in the ghetto (approximately 50 people died all day).
In January 1943, it was decided to turn the territory into a labour camp (the alleged Jüdische Lager, Julag) and submit it to the SS board. Another 10,000 Jews were taken to the concentration camp. On 30 January – 4 February 1943, a final proceeding was held with Judenrat, killing her last president Edward Eberzon.
The final liquidation of the ghetto took place on 1-16 June 1943, erstwhile the survivors were taken to concentration camps in the General Governorate. During the liquidation of the ghetto, the remaining judaic population was formed for 2 weeks. After bringing residents to Zbórów University – Janów camp, Lviv was declared a Jewish-free town (Judenfrei, Judenrein).
Documents, sources, quotations:
(link is external)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_lwowski
(link is external)
http://nie Correctni.pl/blog/aleshumm/zagla-polakow-i-zidow-we-lwow
– Emanuel Ringelblum “The Kronika of the Warsaw Ghetto” publisher “Reader, Warsaw 1983
– Jakub Honigsman "The Holocaust of Lviv Jews" (1941 – 1944) publisher, judaic Historical Institute Warsaw, 2007
