Introduction
In fresh years, Europe has seen the phenomenon of revision of 20th century history. This is peculiarly actual of the tragic past of planet War II and the first 20 years since it ended. The reasons are complex. On the 1 hand, this is the consequence of the expansion of cognition about the past related to the declassified papers of peculiar services hidden for decades, on the another hand, in any countries 1 can observe a tendency to justify, or even rise to the rank of heroes of individuals, organizations, or full military formations, which committed crimes against humanity during the last war. This applies peculiarly to countries specified as Ukraine and Latvia. This trend has besides not missed Germany, Austria, or countries collaborating with Nazis specified as Hungary, or even those whose citizens were subject to planned genocide. An example of specified a country may be Poland, where for many years from the inspiration of Ukrainian nationalists, with the aid of any opinion-forming elites, the process of absolvement of members of the CNS-UPA from war crimes and honouring them due to their post-war fight against communism is taking place.
This text reflects on the causes of impunity enjoyed by members of Ukrainian organizations liable for the extermination of the population of the south-eastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland after the war in the West. We will effort to get closer to the answers to the following questions:
What causes led representatives of Western democracy and the Vatican to conceal and cover up the traces of the war crimes of the Ukrainian police, Nachtigall, Roland, SS Galizien, OUN, and UPA who took refuge in the West?
What propaganda actions by Ukrainian nationalists and protecting their western elites have caused cognition of the end crimes to vanish from the collective awareness of Europeans and even the nations straight affected by the extermination?
Why is today's rebirth of utmost nationalism in Ukraine not explicitly condemned by Poland, Europe and the democratic world?
It should be noted that these topics are almost completely unexamined, but not addressed by Polish scientists, while these are very crucial from a scientific, political and ethical point of view.
The beginning of the Cold War
Following the retreating German troops, a large part of the activists and members of the CNS-UPA and Ukrainian organizations collaborating with Nazi Germany drew to the West. The largest group settled after the war in Germany, large Britain, the USA, Canada and South America. Many of them had crimes on their conscience, including the genocide of the Polish and judaic people of Kresów. Contrary to the expectations of the victims of the murders, the perpetrators were not justly tried or even officially condemned by Western democracies.
We must look for an explanation of this phenomenon in a conflict between allies, which occurred after the end of planet War II. It is called “cold war” in literature. Even before the A. Dalles Directive, a heated speech by Churchill of Fulton in 1946 considered to be the beginning of the “cold war”, all media of mass information from the US and parts of European countries that sustained Washington's politics began a propaganda conflict with the USSR. H. Truman's decision of 15 September 1947 formed the Central Intelligence Office. In order to give its action formal correctness, the U.S. National safety Council issued Directive No 4/17 on 14 December 1947, according to which US intelligence was entrusted with peculiar tasks, including intellectual warfare.
The cognition of the “cold war” is now modest, and many uncomfortable and even compromising events stay silent and cover-up. “The Cold War” was a conflict of propaganda cameras, interviews, full of sabotage-diversity actions and provocations. It was frequently conducted utilizing unethical methods. The best evidence of this is involving ex-war criminals. We will never know how much the ruthless people affected the prolongation and escalation of the Cold War conflict, which kept them unpunished. The devastated and mediocre population of Central European countries, sold in Yalta to Joseph Stalin, became an object, a pawn in a pardonless game of 2 giants. They are besides liable for bringing hundreds and thousands more into conflict and mammothing their hope of the outbreak of planet War III, which in practice led to an extended list of persecuted, imprisoned, sent, murdered... The winners besides bear the blame for the silence of Ukrainian nationalists and collaborators in the Kresach for more than 60 years around genocide.
At the end of the war, Ukrainian nationalists, many of whom committed crimes on civilians in occupied areas, began to look for fresh protectors in the West. They rapidly saw the symptoms of the break-up of the anti-Hitler coalition, and the number for the outbreak of planet War III became the basis for their further political calculations. Efforts to cooperate with the Allies were made during the war.
As early as August 1944, OUN Command turned, through intermediaries, to the English government with a bold request to recognise their fight as "national-liberating". OUN leaders abroad besides contacted representatives of US and England interviews located in capitulating territory Germany and began to hire to service with fresh hosts, promising their aid in the fight against the russian Union. Among them were Stepan Bandera, Mikołah Lebed, Ivan Hrynioch, Stepan Lenkawszky, Vasily Ochrymovich, Miron Matwijenko, Jarosław Stećko and many others. They reinforced their proposal with the claim that in the western regions of Ukraine there exists and fights against Russians with nearly 100,000 UPA people. At the time, however, neither the USA nor England were curious in accepting the offer. The effects of these treatments came after the surrender of Germany.
On Western Intelligence
After the surrender of Germany, most Ukrainian nationalists fleeing the russian army were in the territory of western Germany. It should be remembered that the Germans themselves started creating the alleged anti-Soviet block in the autumn of 1944, which was expected to change the order of forces in the coalition. They first made preparations to hand over all their contacts with anti-communist activists in east Europe, including members of the CNS and UPA. The Germans conducted a concentration of dispersed activists throughout Germany, mainly in Ratisbon. This city shortly became the main centre of the activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Ukrainian Insurgency Army in the West. In May 1945 there were already about 8,000 alleged displaced persons in Ratizbon. In the highest period (June 1948), the number was 11.710. The most many were Ukrainians, 5,000 – 6,000 people, most of whom were Polish citizens before the war. The Occupied American authorities have provided them with complete impunity, despite the fact that, under global law, many of them have committed acts qualified by the global tribunal in Nuremberg as crimes against humanity.
Many erstwhile members of the Ukrainian police and another collaboration and nationalist formations besides grouped American business authorities in Bad Wörishofen camp in Bavaria (80 km west of Munich). There they were prepared to operate against the USSR and the countries that were in orbit of its influence. The camp held regular military exercises, mainly in the areas of diversion, sabotage and espionage.
In West Germany, Ukrainian nationalists, protected by the business authorities, conducted free activities. In 1947, in Bavaria, they legally issued the following letters: "Ukrainian Tribune" (Monachium), "Our Żitja" (Augsburg), "Ukrainian Dumka" (Ansbach), "Ukrainian Wisti" (Neu-Ulm) and "Time" (Norymberg) – "Time" was besides a banner weekly. Among the purely baner writings, the body of the Main origin of the CNS “Politic Liberation” and “Ukrainian Tribune” was the leading body. It was akin in another Western countries.
Ukrainian nationalists from the OUN-UPA, the Ukrainian Police or the SS Galizien Division throughout this period proved peculiarly useful for Western interviews to conduct anti-communist activities. He characterized their fanaticism, their ability to conduct terrorist-sabotage and intelligence activities, anti-Sovietism and anti-policity. They were the perfect material for carrying out the most risky tasks. Most of them had extended conspiracy experience, were well-versed in the methods of the guerrilla war and, most importantly, came from areas where anti-Russian actions were planned. It was not without importance that they were Polish-speaking, which allowed them to blend in easily, without raising suspicions that they were Ukrainians.
Meanwhile, interior conflicts between the fresh leadership centered around the Ukrainian Chief Liberation Council of Mykoła Łebedia (the creator and chief of the most cruel Ounian formation- the safety Service) and the released from the German prison Bandera occurred rather rapidly within the CNS. In February 1946, in Munich, the banners formed abroad OUN Formations led by Bandera (in short, ZCZ OUN). An crucial part of them was the safety Service of the CNS, which, as in the past and now, was to deal with the killings: to destruct russian agents and political opponents.
In 1947, respective 100 more UPA members arrived in Germany, who broke through from Poland, which caused interest in Western interviews to be able to usage them for intelligence activities. However, this did not relieve interior tensions. On 28-31 August 1948, an Extraordinary Conference of the OUN took place in Mittenwald, where a divided took place, resulting in Lew Rebet and Mikola Łebed, among others. This was met with criticism of the Central Council. As a result, Bandera renounced the chairmanship of Zcz OUN. The organization was re-elected members of the OHWR, and J. Stećka was elected president at the 3rd OUN Conference in 1951. The deal didn't last long. 25 December 1956. Lew Rebetestablished a fresh organisation – the CNS – referring to the democratic platform UHWR. At the same time, the UN officially returned to Doncov's ideology.
Since both CNS factions were diligently seeking protectors, the Allies shared them. The United Kingdom worked with Bandera, while the U.S. placed on Łebed. At first glance, this arrangement was beneficial for both parties. Ukrainian nationalists received the essential financial support to last and Anglo-Saxon access to a broad database of possible spies.
Mikołah Łebed and Ivan Hrynioch associated with American intelligence through Vatican factors. In exchange for financial assistance, they undertook to activate anti-Soviet activities and espionage not only in the USRR, but throughout the territory of the russian Union. specified an order was given to Roman Szuchewycz, who faced the task of reorganizing UPA in Galicia and establishing tiny Ounov militias in Western Ukraine to carry out terrorist activities, in order to make an impression of preparations for a nationwide uprising. In return, material assistance was promised and the position of “participants of the uprising” was given to members of the CNS and UPA.
Meanwhile, Stefan Bandera and Jarosław Stećko signed an agreement with the English. They undertook to supply English intelligence with spy news about the USSR and another socialist countries. The English, for their part, besides undertook backing from the CNS.
Confirmation of the cooperation of the OUN-b leaders with the Western states' "spects" can be found in Stepan's letter to Roman Szuchewycz sent on 18 November 1946 from Munich:
.... When we became aware of the situation and the attitude of the allies, we took the decision not to push and not ask for free, not to compromise ourselves... So far, we have limited ourselves to informing their sources of interest... Now, with the improvement and complexity of global conditions, the interest in forces like us... I hope we have an authoritative road open. These possibilities we will not pass up... We have done a lot in the field of propaganda of the common front... In Germany, the brotherhood between Ukrainians and allies is expanding everywhere... It is clear that there is now a political, diplomatic conflict between the russian Union on the 1 hand and allies on the other. The allies are determined to force the Bolsheviks to retreat to the 1939 line a situation akin to what was between 1941 and 1942. This includes our interest and the main task – with their forces and with the aid of allies to realize our own concept – the revolution of nations.”
The advantage of Ukrainian nationalists-criminals was besides skillfully conducted propaganda, due to the fact that they knew that their activity was of keen interest, especially in American military-intelligence circles in West Germany. They had a peculiarly large field to show just after 1946, erstwhile the planet began to embrace the cold war atmosphere. Untrue, ahistoric – 1 could say: Goebbelsowska – the explanation of facts had a decisive influence on the affirmative for the CNS-UPA shaping of public opinion in the world. The members of the CNS had extended experience in this respect before the war. An indication of the effectiveness of their treatments was, among others, a visit made by representatives of the USA to the local UPA command in the Prešov area in Slovakia on 15 May 1947. The vice-consul and the editor of Associated Press accredited in Prague arrived there. On the site they got acquainted with the location of the Ukrainian nationalist armed underground. Even average newspapers, specified as the Swedish ‘Stockholms Tidingen’ or French ‘La Republique’, were included in the glorifying action of UPA. In 1948, they published many articles popularizing UPA and "gen. Czuprynka" (Roman Szuchewycz).
The OUN-UPA propaganda apparatus continued to uphold the morale of its members by deluded their hope of the outbreak of planet War III. "Sustained until the outbreak of the global conflict" became the main slogan of the banders. As a good coin, cold-war speeches by Western politicians were taken, their statements and hostile acts were interpreted against the USSR and socialist satellite states. Evidence of this can be found in the upper's correspondence with the nickname ‘Hryń’"Roman" of May 7, 1947: "...In those days, a elder SS sergeant came to us voluntarily from the U.S. region (possibly a spy and said very interesting things: The conference will be broken up and there will be no more – as Marshall said; 70% of the American population demonstrates their willingness to fight the Bolsheviks; Americans, French, Japanese, etc., congratulate Koszta Ukrainian for the assassination of Świerczewski...;. They've been talking about UPA all year as bandits. present the full planet speaks of us as the top heroes... "The war will be in June-July...“.
Cooperation over time led to the improvement of concrete operations against the russian Union. erstwhile associate of CP OUN Miron Matwijenko in his book entitled Black CNS Affairs, wrote: “Due to the tightening of the 1948 global political situation, Bandera and abroad OUN troops prepared well organized and armed groups to drop for General Hauptman Szuchewych“. Dropped from aircraft paratroopers – abroad agents "spectsługb", as well as OUN emissaries, after stopping them on "Western Ukrainian" lands confirmed that English and American intelligence had already "Since 1945, he has had talks with OUN leaders about creating a wide-ranging network of spies, diversions and terrorists in the USSR and peculiar terrorist war formations to participate in the future war...”.
The Act of the Public safety Office in Warsaw of June 1949 shows that the Ukrainian School of Economics building in Ratizbon since 1947 has housed the intelligence school of American military intelligence CIC for citizens of east Europe, mainly Ukrainians.
Dipisian camp in Ratizbon was disbanded by the civilian American business Government in Bavaria at the end of 1949. The plans to make the Institute of east Europe in this city were besides abandoned. This institute was later established in Munich, where Ukrainian nationalists surviving in Germany shortly moved, primarily members of the CNS-B from Ratizbona. The manager of the Munich Institute was Prof. Hans Koch, who, working with the CNS, performed spy missions in Poland before the war. This institute conducted technological analyses on behalf of government units and was mostly based on information provided by Ukrainian expatriates. The silent initiator of the work of this facility, Theodor Oberländer, worked until 1954 for the aforementioned American CIC intelligence, whose integral part was the Gehlen Organization, or erstwhile Fremde Heere Ost, became part of the Cold War system. She became a precursor to the later German national Intelligence Service. peculiar intelligence groups led by Roman Heilinger (ps. Dr Grau), an worker of the east Institute of Munich, were active in the German Intelligence. Many of Dr. Grau's staff were recruited from the members of the CNS, whose “Provid” settled in Munich.
A large function for covering up the fact about the extermination of Poles was played by the Ukrainian Free University, which gave “doctorates” for activities not so much technological as political ones (e.g. Vasily Weresz or Bohdan Osadczuk). associate of the Free Ukrainian University of Munich, where he taught without hindrance, including Rev. Ivan Hrynioch, erstwhile chaplain of the Nachtigall Battalion and associate of the Ukrainian National Committee.
In the summertime of 1950, an worker of American intelligence Black, under the supervision of which Ivan Hrynioch worked, recommended that he take a occupation at the intelligence school. By 1953, Hrynioch was active in the appointment of agents from among Ukrainian nationalists, their preparation and dropping on USRR territory with tasks for American intelligence. 1 of the agents of the bander's prowess, Ivan Werczun, who initially worked for West German intelligence and later became an agent of American war intelligence, in the 50s revealed any details of the secret cooperation of the erstwhile Ounov underground commanders at the USRR with Western "species". In May 1955, he openly shared his insights and experience in spy activities: “From 1948 to 1949, I worked under the direction of an worker of Dr Grau's West German intelligence... Then I started working with a military intelligence service in the U.S. Army in West Germany... It is known to me that in 1948 the Greek Catholic clergy of Ivan Hrynioch Church were recruited to carry out subversive actions against the russian Union and Poland. I personally knew respective agents that Hrynioch dropped in Ukraine and Poland.
According to English writer Jefferi Richelson: “Operations began in 1949 with the transfer of agents to the russian Union by land and air... For 5 years, specified operations have been almost unsuccessful and have been halted. Losses were great, crucial costs and minimal results“.
It is besides not a myth, and the fact is confirmed in source, that the US and Western European-exempted banders were dropped into Polish territory with weapons, large amounts of money, radio stations, explosives, etc., utilizing them for espionage and diversion. In the IPN collections there is much evidence of their sabotage and terrorist activities. The network of the erstwhile "Osnowy", an anti-Polish Ukrainian organization operating in Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poznań, was revived. These are data revealing the fact that outside the anti-communist, this activity had a wider and dangerous – anti-Polish dimension. Stocks started in the 1940s were continued in the 1960s. Or possibly even the 70s. The 20th century, and their facilities were the clusters of the displaced population in the north and west of Poland as part of Operation “Wisła”.
It is worth remembering that russian peculiar services led an operational game with Ukrainian nationalists on emigration, disinformation the authorities of Zcz OUN. This action began in 1948 by recruiting Leon Lapiński ps. “Zenon”. Since then, parachute discharges within the USSR have been rather effectively eliminated. In addition, fictional underground grid troops were formed, false radiograms were broadcast to the bander environment in Germany. Between 1951 and 1954, 4 courier groups were intercepted, 33 agents were liquidated SISand CIA. We have managed to capture the last 2 members of the Central CNS –
Vasyla Noiseand Vassila Kuka.
In the early 1950s, British pressures, demanding circumstantial intelligence, and fear of losing influence in the underworld at the USRR prompted Stepan Bandera to take a extremist step – sending her direct typical to the East, the task of which was to reorganize the underground structures and their complete submission to the UN. due to the fact that courier groups came in more frequently erstwhile crossing the border or just were
liquidated in Czechoslovakia, this time it was decided to transport by air. And this action failed. There were 2 russian agents on the plane carrying diversion groups – 1 per group. In 1954, after the collapse of the “Zenona” grid, the British broke up their cooperation with the CNS. In 1955, the British yet confirmed that Bandera was deceiving them, and the alleged intelligence activity was only aimed at raising large sums. Cooperation has become a conflict. Banders were even banned from entering Britain.
At the time, however, Zcz OUN agreed with Italian intelligence and continued to send its couriers and representatives to Poland and the USRR, however, all efforts were in vain. This was influenced by russian disinformation, which sustained the illusionary impression of a strong underground in the USRR in emigration activists. In 1956, russian safety authorities concluded that further imprisonment of Ukrainian underground survivors was pointless. Arrests started. The last 2 emissaries sent by Italian intelligence were taken out. After revealing that all of their activities were controlled from the very beginning, 1 of them committed suicide.
The vast hopes of the West with Ukrainian nationalists proved futile. The effective intervention of russian peculiar Services (with the participation of the Polish Public safety Office) led not only to the long-term disinformation of the Allies, but besides to the elimination of the remains of the armed underground and the break-up in the emigration centers of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.The members of the CNS were besides active in the North League – an anti-communist organization founded in 1958 with about 5,000 members) based in the Netherlands. The symbol of this organization was the combined emblems – the Nazi hakenkreutz and the Ounowski trizub.
Ukrainian war criminals in the United States and Canada
After the break-up in the CNS, which took place in 1940, OUN Bandery established the “Switish Ukrainian Liberation Front” in which national flag organizations operated. The Americans put certain conditions (i.e. the renunciation of fascist ideology) to the bandiers, which, of course, was not a problem for the followers of the Ukrainian Nationalist Decalogue. Here we request to look for the genesis of the creation of the alleged "CNS abroad" (UN) or the alleged "OHWR environment", besides called "doublers".
In the United States, the banders shortly mastered a parasocial American-wide organization called the "Ukrainian Conhres Committee of America" (UKKA), and the melniks called the "Ukranian American Coordination Council" (UAKRada). In Canada, the Ounists took over the organization of the “Canada Country Committee”. By means of the agreement concluded between the banders and mercenaries, the “Swilight legislature of Vilnius U Krajinciw” (SKWU) was established. Following the uprising of the Ukrainian state, the name was changed to “World Ukrainian Congress” (SCU). This organization is mastered by the flagmen. Akces reported to her “Union of Ukrainians in Poland”. SKU's “President” was the known flag activist Askold Łoszynsky. It should be stressed that during the “cold war” period nationalist activists took over the lives of Ukrainian diasporas in the West. The Ounists developed large scale propaganda and publishing activities for American money (nota benebefore the war they were masters). An example is the publication “Prołoh” publishing “Sujestnist”, the flagship magazine “Ukrainian Quarterly” or “Ukrainian Istoryk”. In the large effort, the band and melnik magazines and newspapers were issued, nationalist technological centres were established at American and Canadian universities (especially Harvard and Edmonton). 38 volumes of "UPA Lytopists" published in Toronto, most of which have been presented by authors (most criminals) to the planet by their fabricated, "white" past of the business period. They proved to be an excellent tool for imposing, without opposition from Polish researchers, their imagination of the past. It is crucial that the Ukrainian diaspora in the West is able to "subsidize" without problems, read: buy young historians to compose works in a spirit convenient for nationalists.
A large part of the Westerners remained totally unpunished. A good example could be Dmitri Kupiaka, ps. “Klej”, commander of the SB OUN-UPA militia from 1943 to 1945 in the territory of Kamionka Strumiłów and neighbouring districts. He was liable for the death of at least 200 people, including women and children, of whom respective personally murdered His ophthalmical trial took place in Poland in 1969. Recognized in 1946 he fled to Canada where he found asylum and behind the looted gold victims he arranged comfortably, and anxiously pursued activities for Ukrainian nationalism, without concealing his “deeds” for “single Ukraine”.
An example of the peculiar relation of the ounists with American intelligence may be the service of the erstwhile German agent "specialities" of the "government guide" of Mykoła Łebed. Adopted after the war by Western allies, the Headed taught American commandos to kill. To this end, regardless of his advanced age, he was active as a ‘specialist’ in preparing them for the fight in Vietnam. Nationalist Ukrainian activists rapidly advanced financially and politically, becoming even advisors to the highest US authorities.
Vatican efforts to absolve genocide
It is hard to accept the fact of comprehensive assistance and the concealment by the Vatican of Ukrainian SS, banders and other, including clergy, Nazi collaborators, but more and more historical investigation proves that the Vatican and the global Red Cross contributed to the rescue, conceal and organize of Nazi escapes. It is estimated that between 1945 and 1948 about 30,000 people suspected of committing crimes against humanity or war crimes were transferred to another countries (mainly Latin America). The transplant was carried out by the organization headed by Bishop Alois Hundal called “Salvation”. Not only the Germans were rescued, but besides the people wanted by the USSR, especially Ukrainian and Croatian nationalists. The discussions of historians for years have been triggered by the existence of a secret Essmanian organization dealing with the evacuation of war criminals to safe places, especially to South America – Odessa (Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen – Organization of erstwhile SS Members), with which the Vatican was to cooperate.
During this period, Rome became the main site of Nazi “pilgrimages” in request of safe accommodation, food, clothing, money, and above all false papers enabling Italian ports in Genoa and Naples to leave Europe. The ecclesiastical state established a peculiar institution called the Pontifica Commission Assistenza, which, like the Red Cross, produced identity papers for fascists.
The chief “hunter” of the Nazis, the founder of the judaic Documentation Center, Simon Wiesenthal besides pointed to Caritas' involvement. He claimed that the Roman Catholic clergy, mostly Franciscans, helped smuggle refugees—from monastery to monastery to Rome, where they were received by Caritas. In a secret study dated 15 May 1947, sent to Washington, Vincent la Vista of the U.S. safety services claims that the Vatican was the largest single organization active in illegal emigration, helping everyone, regardless of their political beliefs, who were anti-communist and acted in the interest of the Church.
John Loftus, who since 1979 in the Extraordinary Investigation Department of the U.S. Ministry of Justice has been active in the pursuit and deportation of Nazi war criminals, now manager of the Holocaust Museum in Florida, wrote: “The Vatican has always argued that he was unaware of the identity of the people to whom he provided humanitarian aid. In fact, many influential clergymen not only knew which of them were Nazis, but besides deliberately sought and provided preferential treatment for them.“.
The aid for fascists was coordinated by Austrian Bishop Alois Hudal, Rector of Collegio Teutonico di Santa Maria dell’Anima in Rome, and president of the Pontifical Assistance Committee in Austria, who openly acknowledged that he had helped many Nazis who, in his opinion, “were frequently completely innocent.” "God bless the revival of Germany," he wrote in December 1948. In his journals, he admitted that thanks to false documents, he saved many of them, so that they could slip distant from stalkers and flee to happier countries. He boasted how he helped Otto Wächter, the erstwhile occupying politician of Galicia District, who is liable for the death of hundreds of thousands of Jews and Poles. After the war Wächter was hidden in Rome, as a monk in 1 of the monasteries thanks to the aid of Italian clergy under the name Otto Reinhardt. Hudal described his death in 1949 at the Roman infirmary Santo Spirito.
In Genoa, fleeing fascists enjoyed the favour of Archbishop Giuseppe Siri, who, while overseeing the exile expedition, created a committee sending them mainly to Argentina. According to the US intelligence report, Archbishop Siri paid peculiar attention to the emigration of European anti-communists to South America: "The general anti-communist classification refers, of course, to fascists, cessations and akin groups“.
Some historians effort to underestimate Hudal's actions and his helpers. They claim that he was doing it on his own, and most of the papers were prepared by East German Stasi. That the Pope knew nothing and supported nothing. Uki Goñi, author of a fundamental publication on the Vatican's function in the Nazi escape under the title The Real Odessa, notes: "Bishops and archbishops, like Hudal or Siri, made all essential preparations. Priests specified as Draganović, Heinemann or Dömöter signed passport applications. In the face of specified clear evidence, the question of whether Pope Pius XII was full informed of the full action is not only unnecessary but completely naive“.
Dr. Gerald Steinacher, a historian from confederate Tyrol working at the National Archives in Bolzano, explored the secrets of Nazi escape for many years. Steinacher analyzed previously unknown documents, besides from the archive of the global Red Cross in Geneva, which made its collections available to scientists, and the Allied files from the Roman Palazzo Cesi, the seat of the Italian military prosecutor. As a result, a book was created: Nazis auf der Flucht. He knows NS-Kriegsverbrecher über Italien nach Übersee entkamen 1946-1955(Nazi escape. How Nazi war criminals from 1946 to 1955 fled through Italy overseas). The author claims that the secret “Odessa” did not exist, and Nazi assassins were enabled to escape by American peculiar services, the Catholic Church (but besides Evangelical churches) and the global Red Cross.
The question is, why did the Vatican aid brown executioners after the war? Dr. Steinacher explains: “The Catholic Church, as well as the Evangelical Church after years of promotion by Nazism of alleged neo-Paganism, sought to re-Christianize Europe. They were happy to forgive the brown sheep to bring them back into the womb of parent Church. This was even done in a way that was contrary to doctrine, e.g. by mass baptism‘. Bishop Hudal was no exception. The Vatican organized the full Nazi aid system. After the war, communism became the top danger to the Church, while Nazism was regarded as a closed chapter, which should not be dealt with.
Steinacher claims that the U.S. peculiar services knew very well about the monastic roads, but did nothing to put an end to the Vatican hierarchic activities. Moreover, they utilized these routes to evacuate their spies from the russian business region in Austria. Bishop Hudal was receiving funds from the US OSS intelligence. Both Washington and Vatican feared first of all that communists would come to power in Italy. And erstwhile Nazis were considered top experts in the fight against the “red plague”. Therefore, only a fraction of the percent of Nazi criminals was tried and justly punished.
Primacy of politics over morality – Poles betray Polish victims of nationalism
Unfortunately, Poles themselves besides contributed to the rehabilitation of Ukrainian nationalism. A vague function in hiding among Polish soldiers of a large group of Ukrainian nationalists was played by General Władysław Anders. This applies primarily to members of the SS Galizien who surrendered to the Aliants in the vicinity of Radstadt and Tamsweg on the Italian-Austrian-Slovene border and were locked up in camps close Rimini. Thanks to the procedures of General Anders, something extraordinary happened: he not only recognized their Polish citizenship and thus saved them from being brought to Russia, but inactive found a place for them in the ranks of the II Polish Corps. The fact that guilty of crimes on the Polish nation enlisted under the Polish banners confirms Vasily Weryha, the deiscriptor of the SS-Galizen Division and her soldier, that on June 7, 1945 from their camp to the Second Corps over 176 people. Between 1946 and 1947, thanks to the efforts of diplomats, besides Vatican, and Anders, respective 1000 Ukrainian collaborators, including erstwhile members of the SS, were enabled to arrive in England, where any of them migrated to Canada, Australia, USA, where they and the Nationalists of the CNS-UPA created strong centres.
The criminals besides experienced absolution from part of the Polish emigration, especially the 1 who rapidly became active with American intelligence and went on to support it. These actions were not only ignored by victims, but were paved the way for bandiers to power after Ukraine gained independence. The most crucial function in relativizing Ukrainian genocidal wines is attributed to Jerzy Giedroyci, people from the ellipse of Paris Culture and the Polish Radio Free Europe. Polish-speaking Ukrainian nationalists settled in these institutions, influencing years of falsification of the fact about the genocide and anti-Polish activities of the CNS and UPA on the Borderlands during the last war. Gedroycia's acceptance of Ukrainian fascism, Dmytra Donicov, at the Institute and the private home of the chief ideologist of fascism should be considered a peculiarly devastating issue. Worse still, he made available the moral and physical cracks of “Cultures” to the perpetrators of Volyn and Małopolski murders specified as Łebed or Kubijowicz. He kept writing there, created with time for “moral authority”, German collaborator and enemy of Polishness Bohdan Osadczuk. Yet the full generation of "Solidarity" was brought up on "Kultura", with the cognition of the past being mowed and lied about. erstwhile again, politics have overcome historical truth.
Summary:
The first and most crucial origin of impunity of parts of Ukrainian war criminals was the initiation of a “cold war”. This large group, desperately trying to hide its mass crimes on the civilian population from the world, abruptly grew to be a serious partner of planet powers. This was due to her engagement by British and American peculiar services in sabotage and investigative activities against the communists. Thousands of murderers have escaped justice under the safe wings of Western intelligence. Western democratic states failed to comply with the "declaration of cruelty" passed by representatives of the 3 powers in Moscow on 1 November 1943, according to which criminals were to be issued to the states in which they committed crimes, in order to justice and punish.
It is ironic that the pass to a peaceful and comfortable life in the West has become so hated by Ukrainian nationalists before the war Polish citizenship. The Vatican and the global Red Cross played an crucial function in saving and concealing them in the UK and both Americas. The most incomprehensible and objectionable, however, is the aid granted to bandiers and ideologists of Ukrainian nationalism by part of Polish emigration in the west including Paris Culture and RWE.
The ongoing collusion of silence in the face of the end genocide and the tolerability of the revival of utmost nationalism in Ukraine shows clearly that at least in this substance the "cold war" continues.
Dr. Lucyna Kulinska
Bibliography:
Sources:
IPN BU archive, teams : OUN, UPA, MBP, others.
Documents VHA, Flag Department , WOP-32022
CAW, Act of Operation GO “Wisła”.
Studies:
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Deschner K., Abermals krähte der Hahn: Eine kritische KirchengeschichteGoldman 1996.
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Halagida Igor, Provocation of Zenon, Warsaw 2005.
Jarnicki W., Burnt Earth, Lublin 1970.
Kaczorowski R.,From the MO officer's notebook, Warsaw 1970.
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Marples David R., Herroes and villas. Creating National Historian in Contemporary Ukraine, Central European University Press, Budapest, fresh York 2007.
Matheson P., The 3rd Reich and the Christian ChurchesT. & T. Clark 1981.
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Sand J., Escape by the monastery road, ‘Review’ No 34/2008, 2008-08-18.
Polian P., Deportiert nach Hause, München 2001.
Liszczuk W., Bitter TruthToronto 1995; OUN Bandery Crimes in Paris Culture, ‘On Outworld’, No 86/2006.
Jarosław Halan Station, Lviv 1983.
Prussia E., Knights of the iron spur, Wrocław 2000.
Richelson D., History of espionage, Moscow 2000
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Rossolinski-Liebe Grzegorz,Celebrating Fascism in Canada.The Political story and Cult of Stepan Banderain Edmonton and another Multicultural Places. (electronic version held by the author).
Rudling Anders, Theory and practice. Historical representation of the wartime accounts of the activities of the CNS–UPA (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Ukrainian Insurgent Army), East European judaic Affairs, Vol. 36, No. 2, December 2006, pp.163-189.
Schneppen Heinz, ‘Odessa’ . Secret SS organization. Wyd, Bellona 2009l
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OUN Paratroopers, another number past peculiar Number 2010
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Links to websites and videos
Karatielnyje Bodies of SSSR, www.hrono.ru
MGB Protiv CRU and SIS, the function of the CNS – vospominania veterana gosbezopasnosti‘Aspects’, No 51 of 19 December 2008, net issue http://www.2000.net.ua/c/60938?p=7
“Odessa’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODESSA_(organisation)
SS in Britain, W. Britain 2001. film, dir. Julian Hendy.
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Wiesenthal Sz., Interview, http://www.nevermore.prh.pl/archive/lowca.php
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