The 107th anniversary of the Wielkopolska Uprising requires memories of the struggles themselves, as well as the events of those years, as even politicians-historians in their speeches besides change or ignore certain facts. A small space, so in a nutshell and a small selectively, I'll remind you what happened over a 100 years ago.
The Wielkopolska Uprising 1918/19
3.11.1918 Germany signed with Russia the peace of Brest, and The 9.11. revolution broke out in Berlin. 11.11. Germany signed the surrender, in Warsaw took over the regulation of Warden Józef Piłsudski. The revolutionary boiling took on Greater Poland; Poles joined military and labour councils, frequently gaining the advantage. 14.11. revealed Citizens' Committees, civilian Guard transformed into People's Guard3-5.12. sat (russian!) The territory Sejm, who called Chief People's Council.
The Polish National Committee established in France was treated by the Allies as the only typical of Poland – the Warsaw government was considered an ally of Germany. As a consequence of the designation of the Warsaw Government by the KNP, Ignacy Paderewski became a associate of the government in Warsaw as Prime Minister (since 16.01.1919).
On his way to Warsaw, Ignacy Paderewski stopped in Poznań. As a consequence of the German provocation of shelling its headquarters, an uprising broke out on December 27, 1918. The Chief People's Council appointed Major Stanisław Taczak as commander of the army, formed from the Civic Guard, members of the Falcon and the POW and volunteers: Poles – soldiers of the Wehrmacht. Major Taczak established a staff in a fewer days and extended military power over the full area of the Grand Duchy of Poznań. 16.01.1919 General Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki appointed by Józef Piłsudski took command. The number of troops increased from 22.5 1000 volunteers to 70,000. Representation of the interests of insurgents and the Polish population was entrusted National Committee of Poland. Thanks to his efforts, the insurgents were declared allies of the Allies.
The insurgents fought against the German army and units Selbstschutzu, supporting besides General Haller's actions in Pomerania. 2,000 people died in the uprising, 6,000 wounded. The battles ended with a peace in Trewira on 16 February 1919, without prejudging to belong to Poland. In the liberated area, the first decrees of administration afraid the admissions, education, the rights of tenants, etc. Room in Versailles (26.06.1919) established the western borders of Poland in general according to the course of insurgent fronts.
On 11 July 1919, the border between Wielkopolska and the erstwhile “Congressional” was abolished and the Ministry of the erstwhile Prussian territory was established. The Wielkopolska Army was incorporated into the Polish Army, full unification with the Republic of Poland followed the resolution of the Sejm on 7 January 1922, with the abolition of the Ministry of the Prussian District.
Instead of commenting, I will mention a passage from the PSL Club's position in the debate on the Sejm's bill: “On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Uprising: “The Wielkopolska insurgents gave us a inactive current testament to complete, talking about Polish honour, Polish reasoning and the resulting Polish obligations, about maintaining independency and creating the power of our homeland; about defending Polish land, about preserving Polish culture, Polish speech and Polish property.”
So much about the Rising itself, but the present is important. I will limit myself to the most crucial events related to the main independency activists, Józef Piłsudski and Roman Dmowski. [First socialist, advocate and practices of armed combat, second – nationalist, opponent of deadly uprisings, preferring organic work, diplomacy and rational policy.]
5.11.1915 German and Austro-Hungarian emperors proclaimed the creation of Kingdom of Poland (without defining boundaries!). 5.XI created the Provisional Council of State, which became a associate Józef Piłsudski supervising Polnische Wehrmacht formed on the basis of Legions and POWs, subordinate to General Beseler. As a consequence an oath crisis (aboutThe oath of allegiance to the emperors) 9-11.07.1917 legionaries were incorporated into the army, any were interned. Józef Piłsudski was arrested on 22.07. and imprisoned in Magdeburg. The Provisional State Council resigned. It was replaced by 15th in Warsaw by 3 people Regency Council, which 7.10.1918 broke the dependence on Germany. 7.11.1918 was created
in Lublin Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Poland Ignacy Daszyński headed. Released from Magdeburg, Józef Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw on 10.11. General Beseler left Warsaw and German soldiers were disarmed. Germany capitulated 11.11.1918. The Regency Council included Piłsudski in the government as Minister of Military Affairs and entrusted him with the Polish army. Under his orders, General Rozwadowski (Warsaw), Colonel Roja (Kraków), General Śmigły-Rydz (Lublin). 14.11.1918 The Regency Council transferred power to Piłsudski and dissolved, the Daszyński government besides dissolved. Piłsudski notified “the existence of a Polish state, independent, covering all the land of united Poland” 16.11. He took full power on 22.11. I'm giving myself a title. Interim ChiefAnd you. On 18 December, he established the government of Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski, who was recognized only by Germany. (I remind you that the Allies have recognized as the only Polish typical since September 1917 National Committee of Poland in Paris.) After the exchange of letters between Piłsudski and Dmowski KNP recognised the Warsaw Government, so the Allies stopped treating the Piłsudski Government as an ally of the Central States and ranked it as allies. As a consequence of this agreement 16.01.1919 a government was created in Warsaw, in which for the KNP The Prime Minister and abroad Minister was Ignacy Paderewski, and 2 ministers – supporters of the endection – entered the government.
Roman Dmowski He chose a peaceful way to independence. The co-founder of the National League and National-Democratic organization was an ideology of “national ideology” – nationalism. In 1907, he was elected to the Russian II and III State Duma, which he was president of the Polish Circle. He's been in the West since 1915. In January 1915 in Switzerland was created Central Committee for War Victims in PolandPresident of which was Henryk Sienkiewicz. 15.08. was created in Lausanne National Committee of Poland with president Roman Dmowski. Committee He moved to Paris, where he was recognized by the Allies as the only Polish representative. The committee was subject to the Polish military created in France from October 1918 under General Joseph Haller, who was classified as allies by the Allies. typical KNP In the USA, Ignacy Paderewski was appointed. KNP He negotiated with the Allies in January 1919 the designation of Wielkopolska insurgents as an allied army. As a consequence of the agreement between Dmowski and Piłsudski, the Allies besides recognized the Warsaw government as allied.
18 01.1919 in Versailles began Peace Congress, Poland was represented by Ignacy Paderewski, Roman Dmowski and Władysław Grabski. I think it is essential to admit the right explanation given in the “Philosophy of the Case” by Stanisław Lem. 2 young men (J.P. and R.D.) are known in social circles, competing for 1 chosen. 1 becomes a socialist, the another becomes a nationalist. Both scope the heights of power in opposing camps. At the time of trial, both forget antagonism and common injuries, and in the name of the Polish state's right, the independency of the state, they conclude a treaty unifying the left with the right! (Not for long, but ...)
The Present
The present as it is, everyone sees... differently. The facts show crucial differences in pre-veck status. Veda Nationals They resigned from the formal power recognised by the Allies for left-wing power in the country, formed a “government of national unity”, collaborated in the Legislative Sejm to establish a democratic 1921 March Constitution. Now Nationals They became conservative more or little chauvinists (Kaczynski, Mentzen, Braun) opposed not only liberal opponents, but besides the achievements of discipline in general and medicine in particular. The utmost right-wing president officially announced the fight against his own liberal government, exceeding his constitutional powers, due to the fact that the existing constitution defines the Polish strategy as cabinet-parliamentary. Piłsudski ceased to be the warden and until 1926 he was nominally a Democrat, although late he put opposition MPs in prison. That's not here, but there are threats.
At that time, tri-saved lands were tried to be sewn into 1 state, officers were from 3 possessive troops. present we are denied our state continuity by considering the Polish People's Republic as non-Polish, although it was recognized by all countries in the world. The interim board by ‘real socialists’ resulted from the provisions in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. Was everyone expected to emigrate or make an uprising?
The coalition government has economical achievements, but cannot return to the constitutional state of judicial power, corrupted by the Laws of the Parliamentary majority of PiSu from 2015 to 2023. The country's bi-bilion debt and immense arms spending do not let for backing health, education and science, so criticism of the opposition is unfounded.
Unconditional support of Ukraine caused a negative reaction among parts of the society, deepened by the shaky attitude of the Ukrainian authorities – from designation of Polish aid to its disregard. The war in Ukraine is our not due to the fact that the Ukrainians are fighting for our freedom, but due to the fact that Poland is active in financing their purchases of weapons and maintaining the civilian structures of the state, as well as the costly maintenance of our roads to transport arms to Ukraine. Despite legal loopholes, this is an nonsubjective participation in the Russian-Ukrainian War. Let's not be amazed at any possible retaliation.
Remembering rational, victorious The Wielkopolska Uprising We comfort ourselves in the crazy present with the reality of thought Good warrior Schweik: ‘It has never been like this before!”
Krzysztof Gutorski
The author is simply a elder of the National Camp, a longtime publicist of the "Homeland". He turned 96 that year.
