The heroes of the modern. general władysław sikorski

3obieg.pl 2 years ago

Prime Minister of the Polish Government in exile and Chief Chief of the Polish Armed Forces in 1939–1943. He died on 4 July 1943 in a disaster close Gibraltar. Together with Gen Sikorski in the plane crash Liberator II AL523, who fell into the sea at 23:07.16 seconds after the launch, his daughter Sophia (according to the authoritative version) and Chief of Staff of the Chief Commander, Tadeusz Klimecki and 7 another people died. The bodies of the daughter and 3 another persons to be on board were never found.
Sikorski's death itself and the circumstances of the disaster stay in the sphere of speculation, whether it was just an accident or a planned killing. There are doubts about the course of the disaster.

Władysław Sikorski was born on 20 May 1881 in Tuszów Narodowy, in the Austrian partition (now Podkarpata). He came from a middle-income family. The father was an organist and teacher, the parent (especially after the death of her husband) was sewing and carrying shipments.

He had a brother Stanislaus and 2 sisters: Eugene and Helena. Władysław Jędrzejewicz and Julian Zubczewski, the later father-in-law of the general, helped him gain his education. For a time he attended the Teacher's Seminary in Rzeszów.
In 1902 he graduated from the Classical advanced School in Lviv and passed his advanced school. He studied at the Lviv University of Technology at the Faculty of Road and Bridge Engineering. He graduated in 1908. After his studies, he worked in Galicia, among others, on the regulatory work of Sanu, as well as in the oil industry.

Władysław Sikorski came into contact with the army during his studies, volunteering to volunteer for yearly military service in the Austrian Army. During his military education, he obtained an officer's diploma and became a reserve lieutenant.
At the beginning of the 20th he besides became active in independency movements and political activity. He was associated with the Polish Socialist organization or the Polish Progressive Party. He then met Józef Piłsudski and Kazimierz Sosnkowski.

During planet War I, Sikorski fought for Austria. He was besides 1 of the creators of the Polish Legions in that area, including recruiting fresh soldiers for the corps.
In 1916 there was a conflict between Piłsudski and Sikorski, concerning the degree of cooperation with Austro-Hungary and independency activities. As a consequence of various turbulences, Władysław spent any time in prison, charged with treason. In 1918, after his release, he was active in the creation of the Polish Army in Galicia.
Sikorski's leadership skills came full out during the Polish-Bolshevik War in 1920. At that time, he commanded the 5th Army, which effectively maintained the front and yet contributed to defeating the Bolsheviks. The year 1920 was besides for Władysław Sikorski a time of general nomination.

In II Rzeczpospolitej Sikorski worked as a politician. After the assassination of president Gabriel Narutowicz on 16 December 1922, he became Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior. He then held the post of General Inspector of Infantry, and in the government of Władysław Grabski he was Minister of Military Affairs for a time. He was besides a associate of the War Council. End of 1925, Sikorski became commander of Corps VI territory in Lviv. After the May overturn of 1926, he maintained neutrality, but his political opponents, who then came to power, stripped him of his command 2 years later.

Despite active military service, the general remained unassigned to the unit until September 1939.After being removed from power for any time he stayed abroad, he wrote publications on military activity and the possible of a fresh war.
Despite efforts during the September campaign, he did not receive a frontal allocation. In mid-September, he made his way to Romania, and from there further west until he reached Paris.
He received the task of forming the Polish Armed Forces, in replacement for Marshal Rydz-Śmigłego. In late September, he was besides appointed Prime Minister of Poland and Minister of Military Affairs. The government of the Republic of Poland in exile initially stationed in France, after its surrender in June 1940, evacuated to the UK. In 1941, the general sought to rebuild diplomatic relations with the USSR. The pact, later known as the Sikorski-Majski Pact, assumed (without success) the recovery of the country's borders before 17 September 1939 and the improvement of the existence of Poles in occupied areas.

Thanks to the russian agreement, 114,000 people (including 30,000 civilians) later formed the Army of Anders, or Polish Armed Forces in the USSR were saved.In 1909 he married Helena Zubczewska. They had a daughter, Sophia, who was a close associate of his father during the war. Privately, the general distinguished himself with his outward appearance and attitude. He was valued by both friends and opponents for his industriousness, intelligence and energy. In hard times, he could be firm and determined. However, he was criticized for having besides much assurance in his loved ones and surrounding himself with the incorrect people.

SLAMS OR CATASTROFAS?
He flew a liberator converted to a VIP lounge. The device was led by an excellent Czech pilot, Captain Eduard Prchal. That night, too, he picked up a plane that fell from about 100 m to the sea 16 seconds later.
There was an alert at the airport. Lighting lights were lit, sinking the device for 8 minutes. Rescue boats came out of the port. By the time they reached the crash site, the liberator was lying at the bottom of the chassis up. The only thing floating on the waves in the life coat was the pilot. All passengers and the remainder of the crew died.Only Sikorski and 5 others were recovered from the wreckage. Most victims, besides the daughter of the general, his individual encryptor Sophia Lesniowska (with a bag of secret papers attached to the wrist), were never found. The general died in a plane crash in Gibraltar on 4 July 1943. Sikorski's death itself, as well as the circumstances of the disaster, remains in the sphere of speculation, whether it was an accident or a planned killing. There are doubts about the course of the disaster.

For example, 1 of the pilots had put on a life coat on this cruise he had never utilized before. His evidence doesn't match the investigators' findings either. akin controversy is caused by the disappearance of the General's daughter, who was besides to be on board the aircraft. Later, studies were conducted on e.g. the flight trajectory of the device that excluded the authoritative version presented by the British after the crash.
However, it was not explicitly ruled out whether the device itself was sabotaged. Immediately after the crash, the autopsy was not carried out, but they were photographed. 4 July 1943 at 11:07 p.m. The coffin with the body of Gen. Sikorski was carried aboard the ORP ,,Orkan’. "The Destroyer began on July 8 from Gibraltar. Chief Chief's body was transported to Portsmouth, UK. The temper was grim. There were no smiles on the faces, no strong naval terms were heard. Nothing was the same as always.

Everyone who could gather around the radio station to perceive to fresh information about the crash – said Captain Witold Poray-Wojciechowski, a sailor on the ORP, "Orkan". The body transport aboard the ship was an different event besides due to naval superstition. The carriage of the coffin was read as a bad omen, the dead should be given to waves. Therefore, captain ,,Orkana”, Stanisław Hryniewecki, refused to take coffins with bodies of another victims of the catastrophe. The mourning celebrations were held in Westminster Cathedral, London. On the evening of 13 September 1993, the body of the fallen General Sikorski was exhumed. According to British regulations, the coffin was extracted after dusk. During the exhumation work there were about 20 people present, including the consul of the Polish Republic and patron Andrzej Kamieniecki, who had sealed the coffin 50 years earlier. The full procedure was documented photographically and film-based. Today, these materials are in the archives of the Chancellery of the president of Poland.

One of the most controversial issues related to Gen. Sikorski's first ceremony is to bury him without a general uniform. The body was placed in a coffin, as was found in the wreckage of an airplane, in a shirt and shorts, and wrapped in a blanket. After boarding the gene. Sikorski undressed due to the fact that he wanted to sleep. This fact for many years was 1 of the elements of the explanation about Sikorski's execution before entering the plane, and then making it look like a plane crash.

GEN'S GAME. Sikorsky's Last Chief Chief
50 years later, the efforts of the Polish authorities, the remains of Władysław Sikorski were brought to the country. The section and careful examination of the corpse took place only in November 2008, thanks to the activities of the Institute of National Memory.
The General's ashes were transported to Warsaw. On 16 September 1993, the coffin was brought to Krakow, where two-day mourning ceremonies were held. All night and morning, the coffin rested in Mariacka Basilica.
As well as the honorary Polish Army and scouts, General Sikorski paid tribute to many delegations of social, political and Kombatant organizations. Thousands of private people from all over Poland have besides arrived. The waiting line reached the close St. Wojciech church. After 10 p.m., the coffin was removed from the basilica and placed on a cannon tow. There was a mariat hennal and a signal of the Polish Army.

On the final road, General Sikorski was accompanied by a company and a typical orchestra of the Polish Army. Later, the ceremony conduction headed for Wawel.
In the conduct led by the Primate of Poland cardinal. Józef Glemp and the metropolitan of Kraków card. The president Lech Wałęsa, Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka, married to the British Queen Elizabeth II Duke of Edinburgh Philip, talker of the Sejm Wiesław Chrzanowski, last president of the Republic of exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, relatives of Sikorski, generalization, representatives of government, politicians, clergy, combatants, rectors of universities and thousands of another arrivals came. The ceremony was besides attended by 1 of the last surviving politicians of the Polish authorities from the Second planet War period Adam Bien. As a associate of the underground People's Party, “Roch” was a Deputy Government Delegate to the Country in the rank of Minister in the government of Prime Minister Sikorski and a associate of the National Council of Ministers. He was 1 of the defendants in the alleged trial of sixteen. russian prison left in 1949. He died in 1998.
On the hill of Wawel, a coffin was placed on the courtyard of a catafalcus covered with red cloth, decorated with an eagle according to a pattern from the times of the Kingdom of Poland and 2 crossed officers' sabers from the interwar period.

On the pillows were the most crucial decorations of the Chief Leader, including the Order of the White Eagle and the Virtuti Militari Cross. Soldiers of all the armed forces of that time enlisted honor.
The laying of the coffin in the crypt of St. Leonard took place at the sounds of Sigismund's bell and 12 volleys with 8 guns. The prayer was refused by the cardinals. Macharski.
On the sarcophagus in which the coffin rested, flowers were laid by president Wales, Prime Minister Suchock and Prince Philip. The white-red flag, which then covered the coffin of Gen. Sikorski, is present in the collections of the Cathedral Museum.
The mystery of the disaster has not been solved to this day. More light on this substance would shed on the files in the British archive, but their declassified will not be possible until 2033.
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SECTIONS AND DECLARATIONS
– Order of the White Eagle (posthumously, July 14, 1943)
– Commander's Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari No. 11 (19 December 1923)
– Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Military (15 March 1921)
– The Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Order of Polish Revival (2 May 1923)
– Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (29 December 1921)
– The Cross of Independence
– Order of the Grunwald 1st Class Cross (posthumously, July 2, 1946)
– Cross of Valour (four times)
– Golden Cross of Merit
– The Cross of Merit of Central Lithuania (3 March 1926)
– Memorial Medal for War 1918–1921
– Medal of the Tenth Anniversary of Recovered Independence
– Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
– Cross of the Grand Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovak)
– War Cross of Czechoslovakia 1914–1918 (Czechoslovak)
– War Cross Czechoslovacki 1939 (Czechoslovak)
– Order of the Cross of Freedom I and II class (Estonia)
– Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Legion of Honor (30 December 1924)
– Commander's Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor (28 May 1921)
– War Cross (Norway, posthumously, August 1943)
– Grand Officer of the Order of the 3 Stars (Latvia, 1928)
– The Cross of the Grand Order of the White Rose of Finland (Finland)
– Commander of the 1st Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (Finland, 1922)
– Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
– The Cross of the Grand Order of the Crown of Romania (Romania)
– Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania)
– Cross of the Grand Order of St.Sava (Jugoslavia) – 1924
– The Cross of the Grand Order of the White Eagle (Jugoslavia)
– The Cross of the Grand Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy)
– Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico, 1942)
– Commemorative Cross of Mobilization 1912–1913 (Australia-Hungary)
– 3rd Class Military Merit Cross with War Decoration (Australia-Hungary)