“He began to offer me and invitation me very abundantly”
The most crucial passage in Agreement Against Monopower He talks about this period and mentions government SD. The passage is on pages 92–93. We read that activists of the Democratic organization introduced Jarosław Kaczyński to a Russian. It is “the first secretary of the USSR embassy Anatoly Łasin. I was contacted by people from the Democratic organization erstwhile Lech Walesa asked me to make efforts to visit Moscow. Elasin graduated in Poland, but was mostly a specialist from Finland. The first meeting, in the summertime of 1989, was held at SD on Chmielna Street. A man came in with a alternatively national look with a briefcase [...], with which he pulled out a bottle of vodka. I refused not only due to the fact that it was terribly hot. First of all, I didn't want to follow their customs. The conversation was very interesting. Elasin asked me straight if Poland would accept the position of Finland."
As we know, Finland was a democratic country, but in abroad policy subordinate to the Kremlin. What about Kaczyński on specified a proposal? "It is possible to hazard thesis that in Poland there was a brief functioning of something that could be described as finlandization, autumn 1989–winter 1991. In conversations I pretended to be afraid about the fact that we have transition time, deficiency of order, unclear safety status, you gotta talk about what's next. I don't know how much he fell for it, but I got any interesting information. On Wałęsa's visit, he deceived, claiming that there was opposition in Warsaw from Mazowieckie. I did not find it improbable, but after years I found out that Moscow did not truly want for specified a visit. I kept talking. Elasin began inviting me to his flat on the Saska Kępa and offering me very abundantly. I tried to find out what would happen in another communist countries, about the situation in Hungary, in the Czech Republic – as the revolution had already begun there. It's about the grades and indirectly about the Russians' involvement. He was giggling and asking himself. He was most curious in where the political office is now in Poland [the main centre of power in communist parties and their countries – T.P.]. The Russians did not imagine that there could be a strategy of power without specified an office. He suspected he was in the Episcopal, and he tried to verify it with me. In time, he began to talk about the situation in Russia, about the prospects of restoring order, about his relationship with Giennadi Janajev [Soviet dignitary, leader of the unsuccessful coup of August 1991, who imprisoned Mikhail Gorbachev's USSR leader briefly to halt his liberal reforms – T.P.]. I thought I was talking to individual more crucial than I thought. Józef Czyrek, Minister of State of Jaruzelski, formerly an crucial PZPR politician, later confirmed this in 1 of the talks. He asked me about talking to the Russians, I didn't see any reason to hide them. I said they were at a low level. He asked for a name, and erstwhile I gave it, he thought I shouldn't complain. Indeed, erstwhile in November 1989 I hosted a organization [at the russian embassy – T.P.] on the anniversary of the October Revolution [...] I noticed that the Russian ambassador raises large respect among the staff not to say fear. But 1 man wasn't, and that was Elasin. I cut those contacts erstwhile I became head of the President's Chancellery. At the same time, I gave all information to Andrzej Milczanowski" – Kaczyński writes in Agreement Against Monopower.
As you know, Jarosław Kaczyński frequently misses the truth. In this case, he talks about an highly embarrassing matter. He talks about his festivity over the bottle with the Kremlin embassy representative. Therefore, it is all the more crucial to fishy that Kaczyński is hiding something here. As well – it distorts things.
Let's see if we can catch any possible lies.
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What was his name?
Let's start with the caller's identity. There was no “Anatoliy Łasin” working in the Warsaw embassy of the USSR. However, a large part of the embassy staff were intelligence officers who acted under the alleged diplomatic cover. They frequently utilized false identities. Did the russian diplomat-spy give Jarosław Kaczyński his business name – service and false?
Ministry of abroad Affairs keeps a list of diplomats who operated in Poland. It was made in the language of diplomacy, or French. In the 1990 list of diplomats on page 174 we find the first secretaries of the USSR embassy. Among them is “M. Anatoli Vassine Premier Secretaire” (“Monsieur Anatoli Wasin, First Secretary).
As you can see, Jarosław Kaczyński was not Anatoly Łasin, but Anatoly Wasin (Vassine). W Agreement Against Monopower Kaczyński was mistaken for 1 letter. There's only 1 thing you'd like to say if we can remember that Captain Sleepy has turned into an Englishman. Do these mistakes mean anything to us? Does Kaczyński want to make it hard for us to identify the officers with whom he had long conversations?
As for the Russian specialty, Jarosław Kaczyński remembered it well. Wasin actually knew Finland well. besides well – many Finns will most likely say.
I got my tongue in Scandinavia. It turns out Anatoli Wasin left long-term traces there. He was not forgotten by Joakim von Braun, a safety expert from Sweden. Von Braun has worked with military intelligence in the past. besides with the celebrated Swedish peculiar service Säpo. This is an elite police department that deals with counterintelligence, among others.
What did I learn from Joakim von Braun? Anatoli Akimovich Wasin was born on 21 September 1938. He served in the KGB, or russian civilian peculiar services. He had the rank of officer. He lived in Finland from 1971 to 1985 (with a break from 1976–1977). He besides acted on the rights of a diplomat in this country.
My another origin is erstwhile associate of Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari. The origin says that between 1981 and 1983 Wasin shared his time between Finland and Poland. At the time he advised the USSR Ambassador in Warsaw. He helped him fight “Solidarity” and Lech Walesa.
In Finland, Wasin was very effective. His agents were making careers, moving higher and higher. This is described by journalists Alya Shandra and Pekka Virkka. According to them, Wasina's intelligence contact was Esko Aho, called "Finnish Kennedy". Aho began in the 1970s as Secretary of abroad Affairs. Then he became an MP for Eduscanta (the Finnish single-camera parliament). He ruled the country as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1995. In 2000, he nearly won the presidential election. In 2016, he sat on a warm position on the Russian Sbierbank Supervisory Board.
O Wasinie besides writes prof. Kimmo Rentola in the survey Kaitsepolitsei külmas sõjas 1949–1991 (Security Policy during the Cold War 1949–1991). Like the diplomat and historian Jukka Seppinen, who published, among others, a book Neuvostotiedustel Suomessa 1917–1991: strategy ja toiminta (Soviet interview in Finland 1917–1991: strategy and Action).
We learn from Rentola and Seppinen that Anatoli Wasin was building not only political influence networks, but besides commercial and economical networks. How did Wasin and his colleagues cultivate contact with their Finnish agents? They invited them to their apartments. At times, they shared with them.
What do Russian sources say about Anatoly Vasin? He was remembered, among others, by Aleksandr Gorbunov, deputy chief of the Helsinki branch of the Krell news agency TASS in times of communism.
Gorbunov describes Wasin in his memories Tehtaankatu 1 (Tehtaankatu Street 1). The Finnish edition of p. 91 states: “Wasin regretted that General Jaruzelski did not hang Lech Walesa”.
Could that explain why Anatoli Wasin didn't want Wałęsa in Moscow? Not really. If a russian agent wanted to "solve the Wałęsa problem" between 1989 and 1990, he would alternatively see it in Moscow. And during a long visit abounding in attractions, during which you could make respective embarrassing films with a hidden camera. For the time of gallows was moving out, the time of blackmail began. Of course, specified something the KGB could effort in Poland. However, all service is the easiest to do on its own territory. It seemed that in 1989 Poland ceased to be its "own territory" for the KGB.
Let's decision on to the next point: under what circumstances did Jarosław Kaczyński meet Anatoli Wasin, an experienced KGB spy?
How did they meet?
Author Agreements against monopower presents to us the version that the gathering with Wasin did not precisely constitute the initiative of Jarosław Kaczyński. The origin of evil would be Wałęsa, who wanted to go to Moscow in mid-1989 – Kaczyński says. The Lord says, the servant must, so Jarosław Kaczyński started looking for russian contacts. Anatoli Wasin was known by the communists from the Marian Democratic Party. So Kaczyński met him and that's how it started...
I contacted Lech Walesa. I asked if it was true, as Jarosław Kaczyński writes. Is it actual that during the fall of the Polish People's Republic of Wales he wanted to go to Moscow and asked Kaczyński to organize this visit?
Probably true. As you know, I was trying to solve the russian Union," Lech Wałęsa replied in his unique style.
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Ryszard Kaczorowski and Lech Wałęsa fot. Szymon ŁaszewskiI was amazed that the president of “Solidarity” entrusted this substance to Jarosław Kaczyński. Kaczyński held a advanced position in the organization. He was Secretary of the National Executive Commission. However, he was not liable for global issues. Since 1988, Andrzej Celiński headed the secretariat for abroad affairs of the National Executive Commission of the NSZZ “Solidarity”[1].
So I asked Wałęsa if he was certain that he had entrusted the case to Kaczyński. It turned out that Lech Wałęsa meant a later period, namely the time of his presidency. erstwhile Jarosław Kaczyński was the head of the President's office, he had the right to deal, among others, with global contacts of the head of state.
– Kaczyński was then the most crucial individual in the firm. Until any time it was. And erstwhile I no longer needed it, I loosened it – explained Wałęsa, keeping his unique kind all the time.
Lech Wałęsa's account contradicts what Jarosław Kaczyński says about his contacts with Anatoli Wasin. precisely the reason for these contacts. I will remind you: Kaczyński claims that he started meetings with Wasin as he sought aid in organizing the departure of Wałęsa to Moscow. He besides states that he first met Wasin in the summertime of 1989.
Meanwhile, Lech Wałęsa became president a year and a half later, in December 1990. besides in December 1990 Jarosław Kaczyński began to run his law firm. Then he broke off his relation with Anatoli Wasin, as he claims. He broke up, he didn't start!
So if Kaczyński tried to arrange a Moscow visit by president Wałęsa as the head of his law firm, it would be:
· had to do so after December 1990;
· could not do so in the summertime of 1989;
· He cannot justify his encounters with Wasin.
As you know, the origin precedes the effect. Not the another way around. The reason why Jarosław Kaczyński established contacts with Anatoly Wasin should be looked for in the summertime of 1989 or in the past. Not what followed.
Of course, Lech Wałęsie may have mistaken dates after all these years. possibly he wanted to go to Moscow as president of “Solidarity” in 1989? possibly then he asked Kaczyński for help, and now he thinks it was later? Or is Wales changing his chronology from anger to Jarosław Kaczyński? possibly he doesn't want to admit that Kaczyński was already doing crucial things for him in Solidarity. It so happens that Lech Walesa arrived in Moscow in 1989. He went to the ceremony of a Russian student and dissident, Andrei Sakharov. It wasn't without adventure. alternatively of Moscow, the plane landed in Leningrad. Why? Due to bad weather (official version) or the whim of russian authorities, who wanted to spite the Polish leader (probably version). However, he reached Moscow, but did not make it to the funeral. Is this the visit that Jarosław Kaczyński arranged for Lech Wales?
Well, Sakharow died in the winter of 1989. Actually, December 14th. The ceremony took place 4 days later. If Kaczyński had known about this death six months in advance, if he had been in contact with Wasin in the summertime of 1989. - We'd have a good spy movie. With elements of fantasy...
Of course, that couldn't have happened. Wałęsa's winter visit occurred as a reaction to the sad event of December 14. So she could not origin Jarosław Kaczyński to meet Anatoly Wasin six months earlier. I repeat: the origin does not follow the effect, but precedes it.
But possibly the thought of a visit to Moscow by the president of the “Solidarity” came regardless of Sakharov's death and much earlier? possibly he was born in the summertime of 1989 or even in the spring?
As I mentioned, Andrzej Celiński was liable for abroad affairs in “Solidarity”. If Kaczyński were to arrange for the president of the NSZZ “Solidarity” visit to Moscow, then Celiński should know something about it.
So I asked Andrzej Celiński whether Jarosław Kaczyński tried to bring Lech Walesa to Moscow in 1989 and whether he agreed on this task with the local authorities.
Andrzej Celiński replied that he had never heard of anything like this.
Another rabble is how Jarosław Kaczyński presents the alleged position of Anatoly Wasin against the Moscow plans of Wałęsa. Kaczyński writes that Wasin: "failed, claiming there was opposition in Warsaw from Mazowiecki". Let us remind you that Lech Wałęsa was the star of planet politics at the time. Tadeusz Mazowiecki – so far advisor to “Solidarity” and the head of “Solidarity Tygodnik” – just entered the scene. He was Prime Minister on 24 August 1989. He was full independent of the communists only in July 1990 (then the government abandoned the regime's interior and national defence ministers, Czesław Kiszczak and Florian Siwicki). If the Soviets wanted to see Wałęsa, they wouldn't be worried about Mazowieckie. And if they cared about Tadeusz Mazowiecki, they wouldn't show it in conversation with Wałęsa's man. They would not have blocked Mazovian to conceal the reluctance to invitation Lech Wałęsa. For 1 simple reason, they did not want Lech Walesa to say: “The Moscow fell completely. They offer me finlandization, and Tadka is afraid.”
Even if the Soviets wanted to enrage Wałęsa, suggesting that he was weaker than Mazowieckie, they would have chosen a different way. 1 that wouldn't diminish the russian position. The weaker they became as a planet empire, the more they had to keep the appearance of strength.
Or was Wasin trying to show that the Soviets had changed? For years they trampled on Polish independence. But now they will show formalistic respect for our independency and all desire for a fresh government in Warsaw... Well, if that were the case, I don't think the Russian would have proposed finlandization. Solutions that clearly humiliate Poland, limiting its independency and independence.
You can besides effort another interpretation. Is Agent Kremlin trying to stab a wedge between Lech Walesa and Tadeusz Mazowiecki? So that Wałęsa would look at the Kremlin as an ally against Mazowieckie? Here comes the same answer again. After all, an agent of the Kremlin could stab a wedge in a more powerful and more attractive way for the Wałęsa and at the same time little humiliating for the Soviets. He would have achieved all this at erstwhile if he had announced an authoritative invitation for Lech Walesa from the Kremlin rulers. ‘Walens' housekeeperIn Warsaw, Mazowiecki throws logs at your feet, but what can Mazowiecki do to us? We'll invitation you. in Moscow!’.
All this suggests that Jarosław Kaczyński to any degree misses the fact about the Moscow plans of Wałęsa. So we do not know whether these plans existed – or to what degree they existed – erstwhile Kaczyński started dating a Russian. We are besides not certain that Wałęsa told Kaczyński to take care of them. And what Kaczyński says about talking to a Russian about these plans sounds completely absurd.
As you can see, there are adequate reasons to take lightly what Jarosław Kaczyński writes about the reason for his meetings with Anatoli Wasin. I don't think the reason was due to the fact that Wales wanted to go to Moscow. The reason had to be different.
Although it should not be assumed that Kaczyński in this case is missing the fact at all turn. The better lies, the more they contain real elements. So I do not regulation out that Jarosław Kaczyński actually met Wasin through the activists of the government Democratic organization with whom he met. He negotiated primarily with Tadeusz Rymszewicz, Secretary of the Central SD Committee, who later became vice-president of the party[2].
When I checked Rymszewicz's connections, I found nothing to indicate ties to the russian East. However, Kaczyński besides met Jerzy Jóżwiak, president of the Democratic Party. We know it from Kaczyński himself.[3]. Józwiak was powerfully active with the regime. He tried to torpedo coalition talks and prevent the creation of a non-communist government.
– I then asked him if he was the president of SD or a PZPR agent – Tadeusz Bien, head of the Democratic organization parliamentary club in 1989, later recalled.[4]
Later fates of Jerzy Jóźwiak show that he was not afraid of contact with the East. A fewer months after the emergence of the non-communist government, in February 1990. Józwiak is out of politics. He's into alcohol business. He will start moving Legro in Zabrze, which traded vodka on a wholesale scale[5]. He will be the authoritative liquor distributor of the Ukrainian company Nemiroff. This relation will prove so close and fruitful that in 2007 Nemiroff will take over Legro, which will start to be called Nemiroff Polska. Józwiak of the board associate becomes a board advisor[6].
Poles may associate Nemiroff as a sponsor of patriotic Ukrainian boxers, Vitali and Vladimir Kliczka[7]. The first of them aroused the admiration of the planet as the heroic mayor of Kiev attacked by the Russians. However, there is besides the another side of the medal. erstwhile Nemiroff took over Legro together with Józwiak, the Ukrainian company was ruled by her shareholder and administrator, oligarch Yakov Gribov[8]. In Ukrainian media we read that oligarch Gribov supported openly the proputin policy of Viktor Medwedczuk, later prosecuted for treason and captured while fleeing to Russia. Gribov appeared at the Medwedchuk organization convention and called for a customs union with Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan[9].
In 2011, Yakov Gribov announced that he would decision most of Nemiroff's production to Russia[10]. Ukrainian media besides study that in 2017, Gribov fled Ukraine through Belarus to Russia[11].
So much for Jóżwiak. To conclude the subject of the Democratic Party, note that Jarosław Kaczyński could establish interesting acquaintances not only at the highest levels of this party. According to 1 origin of SD, Kaczyński was then given a car with a driver who was a camouflaged esbek.
Says who? The man who ate bread from many ovens. Namely Paweł Piskorski, 1999–2002 president of Warsaw, hero of many scandals. In 2009, Piskorski joined the inactive increasing SD and after a period became president of the party. And in 2020 he submitted his doctoral thesis at the University of Warsaw, titled History of the Democratic organization 1980– –1991 and prepared under the guidance of a distinguished historian, prof. Simon Rudnicki. In the text, Piskorski writes, among others, about the esbek infiltration of SD. According to him, it was conducted not only by impounders, but besides by safety officers. I quote: “There were besides people commonly suspected of second employment at the Home Office at the organization headquarters. For example, service drivers were assigned to the Officials of the Party. They came from outside SD and were considered to be designated by the «minister» [MSW and SB – T.P.]. Tadeusz Rymszewicz, in the past vice-president and secretary of the CK, recalled his driver, who had previously served Edward Zglobicki. Even before that, this man was a driver of Mieczysław Moczar, so he had to work for the service. Ironically, this driver was seconded on the key days of the creation of the Solidarity–ZSL–SD coalition, as part of his fellow SD assistance, to carry Jarosław Kaczyński, who had no car of his own, and had to decision to many places.”[12]. Edward Zgłobicki is an MP and associate of the Democratic organization authorities in the 1970s and 1980s. Mieczysław Moczar, as we remember, is simply a Minister of the Interior in the 1960s, a Communist-nationalist, agent of the Democratic Military Intelligence Group. The Moczar drivers actually worked for the peculiar services. 1 of them was suspected of being active in armed robberies, possibly carried out by the service in the 1950s and 1960s.[13].
How did he end up with Wasin if he finished?
Kaczyński's last words about “Łasin” are: “I cut off these contacts erstwhile I became head of the President's Chancellery. At the same time, I gave all information to Andrzej Milczanowski.”
Ugh, I'd like to say. So Jarosław Kaczyński yet understood what he was active in. However, he learned his lesson very late. He broke up with the russian spy erstwhile he became the head of the Chancellery of president of Poland Lech Wałęsa – so it was not until December 1990. After winning the election, Wałęsa took office on 22 December 1990 and made Kaczyński head of the law firm the same day.
It means that Jarosław Kaczyński met with an experienced KGB interviewer for respective months, almost a year and a half. He talked to him about large politics. He says he's got any valuable information. But would a spy specified as Anatoli Wasin give the Polish politician valuable information without getting anything in return? What could Wasin have gotten from Kaczyński erstwhile he was serving him alcohol? What could he have gotten too information? Did he evidence calls? Was the hidden camera filming Jarosław Kaczyński or taking photographs during these celebrations? The only pictures of Kaczyński drinking vodka with a KGB interviewer are a compromising material. If the Russians had specified material, they wouldn't request any more to effectively rise fear in Jarosław Kaczyński...
On the another hand – better late than never! If Kaczyński actually gave Milchanowski information obtained from Wasin, he gave it to the right man. I will remind you that Andrzej Milczanowski has led the State Protection Office since August 1990, so he was besides liable for counterintelligence.
Of course, Kaczyński should tell Milchanowski where he got them. Without this service, they would have problem assessing the value of information correctly. For analysts, knowing the origin is as crucial as the content obtained. You request to know the origin to know if and how information could have been truncated, distorted, or falsified.
From specified confession of Kaczyński before Milchanowski it would seem to be a joy, especially as information from Wasin could actually be valuable. In 1991, tough communists launched a coup in the russian Union. “The bad news came from Moscow. Back in 1990, I received them from the aforementioned Latin [...]. I could even identify the individual who will effort to radically change the course of events in Russia, it is Giennadi Janajev" – Kaczyński mentions the coup in Agreement Against Monopower[14].
So let's see how Lech Wałęsa, the president of Poland, reacted erstwhile Janajev tanks left the streets of Moscow. What did Jarosław Kaczyński, allegedly so well informed by Anatoli Wasin, manage the office?
Witnesses say the firm is in complete chaos. Wałęsa was feverish in contact with communist generals Jaruzelski and Kiszczak. The media – including Polish Radio – said at the time that the president was asking for advice. However, erstwhile spokesperson for Lech Wałęsa, Andrzej Drzyzimski, claims that Wałęsa had threatened Jaruzelski and Kiszczak. "He informed both gentlemen that he was in control of the situation, warned them not to effort anything or meet on plots [...]. Gentlemen, watch out, 'cause I'm watching you. And control your own” – Drzycimski described the content of these talks to the weekly “Politics” in 2011.
In president Wałęsa's office, managed by Kaczyński, even the thought was for the president of Rzeczpospolita to send a letter of congratulations to Janajev. Wałęsa would consider the coup as an interior substance of the USSR. Informationators say that Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof Bielecki blocked the letter at the last minute.
Why all the surprise? Didn't Jarosław Kaczyński share his cognition of the upcoming coup with president Walesa and the law firm's employees?
I asked Lech Wałęsa if Kaczyński had warned him about the coming Janajev coup. He denied it.
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And if Jarosław Kaczyński didn't inform Wałęsa, why didn't UOP do it? UOP was expected to know from Jarosław Kaczyński that there was a coup. Kaczyński says he warned Milchanowski as early as December 1990...
Jarosław Kaczyński does not explain this in Agreement Against Monopower. The confusion in the law firm, caused by the russian coup, is reportedly described in respective sentences. “[...] Janaev’s coup came, Wałęsa’s long hesitations about the declaration on which he is side, a call to Jaruzelski and Kiszczak. Later, he explained that he had called to inform them about any action. It truly was [...] that they could service as intermediaries”[15].
So Kaczyński tries to undermine Dricimski's version as something that Wałęsa invented to whitewash himself. In the next lines of the book, the communicative is that Lech Wałęsa wanted to be a vassal of Russia like Russian princes under the Tatar Khan... He dreams a story, but he doesn't explain. It does not explain why the President's office was amazed by what Kaczyński allegedly expected.
Or possibly Wasin didn't tell Kaczyński about the set-up? possibly Jarosław Kaczyński made it up. So that we can believe that Kaczyński benefited from the spotted meetings more than a Russian spy?
Did Kaczyński know about the set-up or didn't he? And most of all – did he confess everything to Milchanowski or not confess?
I called Andrzej Milczanowski.
– With all responsibility, I find that Jarosław Kaczyński never told me about his meetings with any typical or worker of the russian embassy. He never warned me about Janaev, either. In my presence, he never predicted a coup in Russia. He's telling the truth. You can print my words," the erstwhile UOP chief told me.
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Andrzej Milczanowski photograph by Szymon ŁaszewskiIn 2021 I sent an email to Jarosław Kaczyński. I asked, among others: Did he inform Milczanowski about his meetings with an crucial russian diplomat and the content of these talks? Did they address topics related to Polish national security, abroad and defence policy? Did they talk alone? erstwhile was the last time he met Wasin? Did he give the russian diplomat any information in exchange for his. How many of these meetings were there? How long did the average gathering last? Did alcohol usually appear on them, how many people drank? Did Kaczyński meet another russian and/or Russian diplomats then and later? If so, who and under what circumstances? What was he doing at the russian embassy for the anniversary of the Communist October Revolution?
I'm inactive waiting for an answer.
Thomas Friday
Pictures and Shortcuts from Editorial
[1]https://jejeje.pl/node/46142
[2]https://www.rp.pl/political-socialopinion/Article15464151-how-re-sponsible-authorities-associations
[3]Two of these., pp. 181–182.
[4]https://www.rp.pl/political-socialopinion/Article15464151-how-re-sponsible-authorities-associations
[5]https://www.polityka.pl/weeklycpolitics/market/2147698,1,legenda-zubrowki.read
[6]https://register.io/krs/52531/nemiroff-polska/liamentation?m=all; https://www.wprost.pl/review-press/97271/ukrainska-hydro-ruza-on-conquest-polski.html; https://mmp24.pl/Ukrainian-nemiroff-powalczy-o-polski-alcohol market
[7]https://www.polityka.pl/weeklykpolitics/world/1519042,1,brothers-klicks-bija-sie-tez-o-Ukraine.read
[8]https://latifentist.com/dosye/gribov-yakov-semenovich; https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/two-nemiroff-powers-say-plant-will-move-to-russia-119019.html
[9]https://antikor.com.ua/ru/articles/271223-rejderstvo_v_zakoni_jak_korumpovani_suddi_znishchujutj_business_i_rujnujutj_derhavu;https://hromadske.ua/ru/posts/ofis-gen procurora-rassleduet-poezdku-medvedchuka-i-kompanii-v-moskvu-kak-gosudarstvennuyu-ismenu; https://www.ocpr.org/ru/daily/16109-pro-russian-politician-escapes-house-arrest-in-ukraine-leaves-lavish-property;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61089039
[10]https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/business/two-nemiroff-powers-say-plant-will-move-to-russia-119019.html
[11]https://www.stopcor.org/section-politika/news-znajshovsya-pislya-majdanu-vlasnik-nemiroff-yakiv-gribov-vtik-do-pidmoskovya-18-03-2019.html https://antikor.com.ua/ru/articles/271223-rejderstvo_v_zakoni_jak_korumpovani_suddi_znishchujuutj_business_i_rujnujutj_derhavu
[12]https://depotuw.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/item 3904/Doktorat%20PDF.pdf?sequence=4
[13]Macerevich. How did this happen?, p. 228.
[14]Agreement against monopower, pp. 156.
[15]Ibid. p. 157.
