Summer of polish blood polish drama 1941

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POLISH DRAMAT – summertime of Polish Blood 1941

The full planet knows that precisely 70 years ago Wehrmacht attacked the Red Army.

The civilized part of humanity is besides becoming more and more aware of the fact that in hell, the forces of the Evil personified by Hitler attacked the Innocent One.

Stalin, defender. Here began the fight of 2 thugs, specified as the holy land, and 2 insane political systems that have committed unprecedented crimes. It just so happens that you want not to want the other

– fighting for existence – became an ally of the Democratic West.

Still, fewer people know how large the donation of blood was. Here are the Soviets, before they fled Germany, planned and with terrible savagery they murdered political prisoners, most of whom were our countrymen. Whom they did not shoot, they did not teardrop up with grenades, they did not brick up alive – they rushed to the East in death marches, starving, beating, killing. Even in the face of defeat, they did not forget to kill the “class enemy”. Real Bolshevik.

After a week of offensives in Lviv, Germans enter and shortly come for the flower of Polish intelligence – professors of universities who managed to last russian terror. After arrest, brief interrogation and selection

Several twelve of them are shot at the order of the Gestapo, with the aid of Ukrainian nationalists, unfortunately! The demolition of Polish elites has been conducted by both occupiers since September 1939. Consistently, akin methods and in cooperation they destroyed our intelligence, clergy, state officers, WP officers. They were sent to the Nazi lagers at the same time as the Soviets filled the lagers with them. Palmira was shot at the same time as Katyn. And erstwhile both bandits fought in mortal combat, they did not abandon the work of destroying Poland. They will be led during the full war, and the Soviets – who have become a actual winner – will proceed to be a long time after its end.

Today we are writing about what he brought to Poles in the Kresach on June 22, 1941.

GROSS RELATIONS

GROAD

In mid-June, we began to be prepared to go into Russia, first to Minsk, then somewhere else. Then, on Saturday night on Sunday, June 22, 1941, we heard a bang of planes and arrows. In the morning, we saw German airplanes through the windows. The bombing of Grodn continued all day at hourly intervals.... There were respective anti-aircraft guns in the prison square, so they fell down here.

Bombs, 2 hit the building. The guards strengthened the guards and placed device guns in the corridors, and they fled to the basements on most of the raids. We were kept in the bathroom all day... They gave us a salt fish for breakfast, which only strengthened our thirst. Single objectives,

which were in the second wing of the prison, had pneumatic locks. After the bomb explosion, all of them jumped away, so the prisoners went to the square, and the sentries then opened fire from device guns. The full courtyard was covered in dead bodies. In the afternoon, the guards proceeded to shoot prisoners in basements. They no longer had a chance to evacuate us, fortunately they lacked that time to shoot everyone. In the evening they fled, leaving targets

It's closed. Around midnight, the prisoners realized that the building was unguarded, so they began to break the furnaces and exit the corridors through the furnace holes. Those who freed themselves first helped open the bars and doors.

SHIT

At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, they're moving us out of our cell in the yard. I see many fresh people arrested before the outbreak of the German-Bolshevik War, which we already know about. There is simply a segregation of prisoners. any are sent to a large cell, others are taken out by trucks (...). It's significant, you can't see the encades. I can see them standing from a distance, it's so complete

new. It's getting gray. The yard is surrounded by reinforced posts. From the cell they call the first prisoner.... In front of our eyes, the enkavudists bind his hands with wire, lead him out. We hear a scream and then a shot – both. We have not cooled off from a terrible impression, and here another unfortunate is already being dragged. This 1 shouts “Poland has not died yet”. What do I do? I feel the thought: erstwhile it comes

It's my turn to go after the oppressors or not. I'm the fifth. 2 soldiers tie my hands. They're under their arms. The 3rd goes in the back. I'm throwing myself aside. I feel

bayonet prick. A terrible pain in the side kills fear. I see well the stairs... and the white walls of the cellar splattered with blood. Last minute. I'm struggling. I'm pulling out. A strong blow to the head.... I feel like they're dragging me down the concrete basement. With the last of my strength, I open my eyes and see the chief of the prison surrounded by another oppressors he urges. I beg your pardon? And still

They drag me in and out, and the planet spins. I hear both shots. It doesn't hurt, I'm just flying down a tunnel into any abyss, dying in the dark.

MIŃSK (in Belarus)

After a fewer days of investigation, I was transferred to Minsk and imprisoned in the NKVD Investigative Prison "Ogłok". On the evening of June 23, at dinner, they began to poison prisoners for their cells. It was clear to perceive to the decision of the soup boiler to the cell door, the beginning with the latch and the voices “speak, tempt”. Then there was a sound and silence. Again... moving the soup boiler under the cell door... any prisoners resisted... If he... refused to eat, there was a shot.

At 1 point I heard a fast run down the stairs in the hallway, any voices, the dinner was interrupted. There's been silence. Further targets were opened and

Release the prisoners. At the bottom (...) there was already a large group of prisoners, among others my friends from the conspiracy: Captain Szulc [a.k.a. Janusz] Pradzic- -Szlaski, Commandant of the District

Nowogródzki ZWZ and Bruliński Władysław from the office of the Białystok ZWZ District. We were brought out in the yard of the prison... The commandant said: “There is war, there is evacuation, you must not leave the column, you must keep your hands intertwined, the march will take place in the run, for at dawn

The German can bomb. Whoever stays will be shot.” ...

We went behind the gate and ran out of town. Whoever stayed was killed by a bullet. We reached the forest, where a short remainder took place. Along the columns outside the convoy rows, the envoys passed all the time, and... they brought the prisoner from the column,... they led him into the woods and shot him. After 2 days of walking, we arrived... in a village. The name Red has fallen.... There we were brought into the yard... of a neglected building.... Prisoner selection began. 1 group included russian citizens serving fines for... insignificant offences, another political 1 from Poland. ...

First group prisoners were reportedly released. We prisoners of the second group... were formed into a column, they were placed

a strong cordon of the convoy (...). Late in the evening, we set out on our way... Suddenly, on both sides of the road at the tallness of the rear ranks of the column, shots were fired,... confusion arose. The command "laying" has fallen. They all died, and

The convoys began to calm “nothing, nothing”, and then:

“Podnimajsia” and march. Again in the back of the shot.

THE SLOT

Z The Rosaries transported us to a prison called White, in Slovenia.... The end of my prison stay came in June 1941. We were amazed to see that they were left for the time being.

The first in prison to turn off all the lights. On the 3rd day of the evening (this was the 3rd day of the war) we were named for a different purpose. We stood in

The hallway in front of the prison office, where the personnel were rechecked. The conviction was read: “After the appearance of Sovetska Soyuz, after the staty of soyja it is simply a yes... – for 1 shot. Then we would go outside, stand against the wall other the entrance. Then the echelon came to shoot us..., and the weapons began to be loaded there, and at that time the air battle, the air battle, began over us. They threw a bomb at us..., she smashed a wall there. ... russian soldiers fled to the anti-aircraft ditches. We came out of the wall.

Mr Vladimir Volynski

In prison, it was felt that war was coming, and this was due to the fact that 2 weeks before its outbreak, a prison warden, accompanied by respective NKVD officers, came to his cell. He asked for what he was sitting for and... said that we would get pencils and paper to compose home about warm clothes. (...) On 22 June 1941, at 2.00 p.m., possibly a small later, we heard a blast of cannonballs. We instinctively sensed war.... On that day, there was no motivation, until 4:00 p.m. no 1 was curious in us. We focused on nationalities – Poles and with us 3 Jews, Ukrainians and

The Russians. At 4:00 p.m.... we were given dinner... It's locked. (...) We survived until the second day of the war, that is, June 23. On that day a wake was made at the usual time –

6 p.m. I was the first to stand at the door to the mouth. I hear the roar of an airplane, then a terrible bang, a crack of the wall to the mouth. In time... we were led to a cell... After a short period of time in the prison corridor, we hear a terrible voice of “fraying the fattened fertilizers”, (...) we conclude that this is simply a provocation, but this cry kept repeating. We're going to break down the door,... someone's helping from the outside, the door has let go, we're going to the corridor, where there are already quite a few prisoners. You hear device weapon shots, they shoot first

upstairs, screaming, individual got in the tummy (...) I fell into the kitchen and caught a simple table knife (...) that there was something to defend(...). There was a grenade detonation in the kitchen, followed by screams and groans, but no 1 cared due to the fact that we were busy beginning doors from the corridor to the prison yard. After opening... a group of prisoners ran out into the yard, no 1 knows where the series was returned from... We're looking.

The defender towers... there is no 1 in the towers. I found myself in the garden of the prison... The prison in Włodzimierz Volynski is surrounded by a advanced shaft... I am walking toward this embankment..., close the bush of the currant lies the killed encavist..., close the bombed prison warden building. Well, this bomb has caused so much confusion in the usage of the prison that has escaped...

Germany entered Włodzimierz on 23 June 1941 from 14 to 15 a.m. I'm back in town. On June 24, I went to prison, went to the first floor... to find a movie with pictures of prisoners, and found 1 of mine. (...).

I went on a prison tour. erstwhile I found myself outside the barn, which was close to the embankment, individual said that there was fresh land behind the barn, it looked like a grave, another 1 said, "They dig it up, there are dead prisoners." After the excavation... 70 or more were counted. shortly German officers and civilians arrived, all of us being removed....

VIEWS

When the Soviet-German war began... my father was arrested. I went to the NKVD to find out what happened to my father. They wouldn’t even talk to me.... The Germans entered Czortkow around 3 July. Soviets

he was no longer in the city... I ran to prison. Turns out the gate was open. I'm going in, I'm going in the basement. There were about 60 – 70 people shot. I tried to take 1 by the shoulder, but I couldn't lift..., he had barbed wire around his neck... So before they died, they were tortured, they wanted to testify. I went home and said, “Mommy, there is no father.” Before Germany

They entered the city, the Soviets led almost all the people trapped by the road by Zitomierz, Winnica and Humane. If individual couldn't go, they shot him like a dog. Not many of them came back. The father was 60 years old and could not go, they murdered him at Vinnytsa. Those who have reached Humania have finished them all in Humanity.

Stanislaws

On 22 June 1941, the German-Russian War broke out. It stopped glowing at night due to the blackout. From the prison chimney, pieces of burnt ones flew

papers. After 22 June, until the end of July 1941, in prison guns

There are terrible things. First all the prisoners were classified, making the files an appropriate coded endorsement. We saw signs on the file.

done in Cyrillic, we assumed that these were our judgments on further destiny in case of... abrupt evacuation. The first distant bang of cannon cannon

He's slow gone. Stanisławów remained in the boiler. German troops have already gone far east, leaving the boiler to allied troops

Hungarian, which liberated the city in late July 1941. Until the liberation of Stanisławów by the Hungarians, NKWD executed death sentences in the night. This was done as follows. A truck was coming to the prison square..., and she was rear-facing to the back door of the prison cellars. The car's motorcycle was working.

All the time, the driver pulled out the gas like he was doing something. There was a grave silence in prison. (...) Groups of NKVD officers spent a period going from cell to cell, triggering one, sometimes 2 prisoners. The names of the prisoners called were clearly heard at the grave silence in prison. From each floor, they were carried separately to the basement.(...).

You could hear the clear steps into the prison building.

In the basement, they were executed with a shot to the head. We heard clearly single shots fired from a Russian reprimand, despite a working motorcycle. After shooting

10 or 12 prisoners, after the blood was frozen, were carried to a growling car. We heard clearly how hard they were walking up the stairs, carrying bodies from

The basement to the car (...), and then after dropping the ‘shipping’, somewhat coincided with a fast step down (...). In my opinion and my companions... all night

100 to 120 prisoners were summoned from a cell that never returned. any of the prisoners were driven eastward by cars....

From the account of Jan Siemiński (in the collections of Ewa Hipuszko)

STRY

The Germans entered the city... from Drohobych. My brother and I entered the courtyard of the prison. The town was unscathed and there was a cesspool under the full courtyard. People and I opened the hatch. The meters below the ground floated densely human bodies, stomachs up. The terrible stench of human excrement and decaying bodies. There was quite a few sugar, rice and grits poured in by the hatch. The Ukrainian police, previously organized in secret, has immediately appeared. Young men with barefoot and ladders began to pull out the bodies of the murdered. The murders began on June 26. As of June 26, the tractor’s motorcycle was constantly in the courtyard. Meanwhile, the courtyard was driven by the beating of Jews with buckets. They were forced to confuse the corpse pulled out of the cesspool and stack rows against the wall.

SAMBOR

MORD OF JEWS

Once the Germans took over the city, they killed the Jews and ordered them to clean up the corpses. It turned out that in the cellars of the prison there were virtually like a clearing of trees, full heaps of bodies...

Also, the prison yard and the full area was covered in dead bodies. People were looking for relatives, but the odor was terrible, you should have kept the handkerchief on your nose, and that didn't help. There were bodies in specified decay that it was impossible to know who it was. The Jews utilized shovels to put them in immense boards of pak and pour all the lime. At the end of June or early July, there was a immense ceremony of 7 hundred... people shot in a Sambor prison. At this ceremony were clergymen of all 3 religions:... Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, and Judaism, and the full population of the city.

IN THE East

After the aggression in September 1939 of the russian Union to the Second Republic of Poland and its division between Nazi Germany and the USSR on the annexed lands of the NKVD took over the prisons there (145 buildings, i.e. prisons, branches and prison troops) and organized additional prisons and detentions. The prisons were subject to the NKVD Home Affairs Ministry (the Human Interior Office).

The primary task of the russian apparatus of force on occupied lands was to get free of the “elements” that hindered the sovietisation, which was carried out by making large-scale arrests. The pre-war prisons utilized were filled with people beyond measure, setting fresh limits of places and these fresh limits exceeding respective times, resulting in inhumane conditions of residence of prisoners. Most of the prisoners were political, alleged counter-revolutionary elements and class enemies, mainly Poles until 1941. NKWD's plan Stalin and Hitler, despite their alliance, were preparing for war. Since 1940 over

Bugem Soviets built fortifications, but until the German aggression

the task has not been completed. The available NKVD papers show that in the event of war, a plan was drawn up for the evacuation of prisoners from the front zone, dated 10 June 1941. The plan included: a list of main objects (not all and without detentions); their filling, i.e. the number of inmates; the number of

planned to be exported – lower than the number of prisoners, indicating

Unwritten but understandable to prison officers the clue that non-evaccination should be done or released; the number of wagons needed to evacuate; the railways to supply transport; the circuits in the interior of the USSR where transport is to be conducted, and sometimes prisons where prisoners were to be placed. However, it is not known what procedures were established for facilities not included in the known lists. Despite these preparations for the war, the Nazi assault proved to be a surprise for the russian Union, to which the Red Army and the NKVD troops failed, and the aggressor rapidly and triumphantly displaced the forces of the opponent, taking into captivity the masses of red-armists. The Bureau of the ultimate Council of the USSR announced decrees: introducing martial law and martial law. On 23 June 1941, erstwhile Germany had already occupied the area along the border, an immediate evacuation of the prisoners was ordered, recommending the railways to organize the transport in accordance with erstwhile plans which assumed the departure from Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania SRR 45 483 prisoners in 1537 carriages. The full implementation of these plans was no longer possible.

Better to kill than to let go

There was usually no time for the evacuation of prisons located close the border (Bialystok, Łomża, Brest, where Germany even shot up the prison crew), and for further it turned out that "no transport". The railway, which was expected to plant wagons in adequate quantities, failed to deliver them first to the military, to export state property, officials, families of officers, wounded, and additional complications caused German bombings of lines and transports. There was no evacuation instructions, which exacerbated the panic of prison personnel. In respective towns, the guards fled and did not return – first any prisoners were murdered or left alive (Lida, Baranoviche, Kobrin, Pruzana, Gródek Jagielloński), while in others the guards left the buildings and returned in time to destruct the "counter-revolutionary element" (Łuck, Stanisławów, Lviv, Rudki, Komarno). During the temporary absence of the guards, any tiny parts of the prisoners managed to escape (Krzemieniec, Rudki, Komarno, Lviv, Stanisławów). Despite the disasters suffered, the request for defence and evacuation difficulties, the russian government did not intend to release the prisoners and did not want them to get into German hands. In this situation, any "counter-revolutionary elements" and suspects of a possible transition to the "contro-revolutionary" positions were considered to be highly dangerous for the defence of the russian Union. Thus, in any towns far from the line of battle, the NKVD made mass arrests in the first days of the war, mostly

Polish intelligence, treating those detained as possible enemy allies, a dangerous component that should be disposed of. The last arrests, having “around the corner” Germans, NKVD made in Berezwecz, Oszmania, Sarnach, Busku, Dobromil, Lviv, Rudki, Sambor, Drohobych, Stryj.

Before the evacuations, prisoners considered to be the biggest enemies of the russian strategy were eliminated. Excluded from evacuations were convicted of “contra-revolutionary offences” to the highest punishment and with high

prison sentences – they were besides shot in unevacueed

prisons and before major massacres (Oshmia, Wilejka, Łuck, Vladimir Wo-

łyński, Drohobych, Czortków, Lviv, Brzeżany, Złoczów, Stanisławów, Kolomya, Pechnyn.

Mord or Evacuation

Due to the difficulties in the evacuation of the prisoners and depending on the situation in which the staff came to prevent the Germans from taking over the prisoners, there were 3 ways to destruct the prisoners and the detentions:

EXECUTION ON ALL OR PART OF warrant

(Augusts, Grodno, Lomza, Osmienia, Słonim, Kowel,

Lutsk, Ostrog, Sarny, Włodzimierz Wołyński,

Busk, KamionkaStrumilova, Złoczów, Horodenka, Kałusz, Wórwórna, Ottynia, Jews, Boryslaw, Bebrka, Dobromil, Drohobych, Jagielloński Gródek, Komarno, Jaworów, Oleszyce, Rudki, Judicial Vishnia, Honest, Turtle);

EXECUTION OF PARTS OF CONSIDENTS AND EVACUATION OF another SONGS AND COALS

(Wolkowysk, Berezwecz, Wilejka Stara, Vilnius, Pinsk, Dubno, Krzemieniec, Brzeżany,

Chortków, Tarnopol, Kolomyja, Stanisławów,

Uncle, Lviv, Przemyśl, Sambor and Minsk in Belarus, where a large number of Poles were imprisoned;

EXECUTIVE EVACUATION OF ALMOST ALL SONGS AND COLEMS (Ciechanowiec, Molodeczno, Święciany, Novgorodek, Stołpka, Wołposyn, Drohiczyn Poleski, Stolin,

Equal, Pechnyzhin). Despite the deficiency of instructions in case of evacuation problems almost everywhere in specified situations, mass murders were carried out, starting on 22 June 1941. sanctioning the execution of all “elements”

counter-revolutionary", not just with the death penalty, occurred on June 24

1941 after being sent to the regional NKGB (State Security) offices

by the People's Home Affairs Commissioner Lavrentij Beria, a confidential telegram with orders to shoot prisoners convicted of "contra-revolutionary activity"

and diversion and those in the investigation for these reasons. Thousands have died before.

BESTIALITY

Most of the liquidated execution prisons were executed by shooting: for firearm series purposes and throwing grenades inside; in basements to which

were brought from the mark individually and after respective people; in prison courtyards where

prisoners were gathered in a large mass, in which device gunfire was directed and grenades were thrown. The shooting of lots in the cellars was frequently blocked by the work of motor cars or tractors set in front of the building (Borysław, Lviv, Judicial Vishnia, Stanisławów, Brzeżany, Żółkiev, Złoczów). In respective prisons, they were killed by blows to the back of the body.

(Berezwecz, Dobromil, The Court, Stryj). In Oleszyce close Lubaczów, prisoners were burned. In Boryslav, Beaver, Brzeżany and Lviv prisoners were abused and maimed. The executioners were frequently tied with wire. fewer of these massacres survived, freed after the Soviets withdrew: pinned down by corpses, wounded and lucky, whose engenders failed to destruct before the Germans arrived. The bodies of the victims were mostly buried in mass graves in the area

prisons or outside of them somewhere nearby. However, not everywhere was the time and remained in cellars, cells, prison yards. Only political prisoners were absolutely destroyed. The common criminals were usually released (Brzeżany, Czortków, Lwów, Łuck, Sambor, Stanisławów, Tarnopol).

The death toll besides left evacuations. The most terrible were the pedestrians (Tarnopil, Stryj, Kolomya, Czortków, Wołoszyn, Berezwecz, Wilejka, Minsk): columns bullied by the stay in prison people were rushed east at a comparatively fast pace, with hungry food rations administered all fewer days, deficiency of water, in incomplete and decaying clothing, frequently without footwear. Many prisoners failed, weakened, any died on the march, and “marauders” were shot on the way. The death marches ranged from 100 to 600 km, the longest of which was made in 20 to 30 days. On the way, they were shot from time to time

small and large groups of prisoners regardless of their condition. Successful escapes have happened

It's rare. However, they had better chances of endurance by rail, although besides in food shortages, mediocre hygiene conditions, crowding, so no

Everyone was reaching their destination. The pedestrians of the columns and trains were besides bombarded by the Germans, resulting in additional fatal escape victims.

OVER 20 1000 VICTIMS

The destiny of prisoners after 22 June 1941 is known only from parts of prisons and detentions on

Eastern Borders of the Second Republic. There were no witnesses of the crime.

NKVD documentation, which is inaccurate, frequently contradictory, frequently lying, did not show all the objects in which the NKVD kept people. Absolute

The effort to destruct the alleged counter-revolutionists, for whom the russian authorities considered primarily people connected with the Polish state, members of the underground organizations, but besides others, due to the alleged enemies of the russian system, indicates that the victims must besides have been in unrecognized NKWD facilities. The likely number of victims of the liquidation of prisons is estimated by Krzysztof Popiński, a russian crime investigator in June – July 1941, for 20 to 24 1000 people.

WORK OF THE NKVD IN LEVELS

June 23 – 29, 1941, MASAKRA IN THE BIRTH, OBJECTIVES AND ON THE DAY

The russian authorities took over the 3 large prisons in Lviv existing in the Second Republic of Poland, at Il. Kazimierzowska called Brygidków, at Zamarstynowska Street, at Łąckiego Street, but this proved insufficient and additional prisons were created in buildings: the appeal court at Batorego Street, court premises

at ul. Sądowa and the erstwhile police station at Jachowicza Street, which do not appear in the evacuation plans and reports of the NKVD. There were 5,145 prisoners in the 3 NKVD prisons included in the NKVD documentation on 10 June 1941, but in the German attack on Lviv on 22 June – in all Lviv prisons – much more. Lviv has been bombarded by the Germans since the morning of 22 June 1941, causing dismay and panic among the Soviets. Trains prepared to deport the population from Lviv and the surrounding area, planned for June 23, ran military units, militia, officials, families. Despite the outbreak of the war, the NKVD continued its arrests shortly before 22 June and executed prisoners – first sentenced to death and awaiting execution

Or a pardon, which is the most dangerous. On June 23, an effort was made to carry out an evacuation plan to the East: a transport of 527 prisoners was dispatched to Kirovograd. The papers besides mention 3 different transports, not known erstwhile sent. The deficiency of wagons did not let further transport of prisoners, and there were respective 1000 more. Thus, they were shot, calling from the mark individually and after respective people. However, the German bombings struck the NKVD off balance due to the fact that on 23 and 24 June the guards left the prisons and returned to top-down orders.

Some 300 prisoners escaped. There was specified chaos that the 233rd Regiment of convoy troops was created

The NKWD has received respective orders “restore” and “security”

On June 24th in the morning, any of the prisoners in “Brigidki” saw that there were no guards, released and went out into the yard. They were incapable to breach the gates, but they managed to break out any exit and 220 prisoners (in NKWD reports).

common criminals) fled outside. The returning defender thwarted the others

Escape – by shooting, she drove everyone to their cells. There were fatalities. “In Zamarstynów” no 1 escaped erstwhile there were no guards. During this time, there was an accidental clash between Ukrainians from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Soviets on the streets of the city, which enraged the NKVD troops who shot passersby and open windows of apartments, killing many people, making

searches and arrests. Meanwhile, in prisons they were held all the time (except for

short absences of guards) executions in basements and yards, where people were taken from the target. most likely due to fear that the liquidation of the prisoner was not doing well, on 25 June the Deputy National safety and Home Affairs Commissioners of the Ukrainian SRS arrived in Lviv and decided to remove the footmen and release the common criminals.

The others, i.e. ‘contrrevolutionists’, were intended to be shot, although the NKWD documentation did not admit this. The “Brygide” and “Zamarstynow” guards returned after night escape in the morning, bloodyly taking order.

In all prisons, on 25, 26 and 27 June lots were shot in basements, cells, in courtyards.

The executions were stifled by motor vehicles in the Brigidki. “On Łącki” prisoners were peculiarly bullied, brutally tortured and mutilated. On 28 June, with the exception of the prisoners “on Łącki” and “Jachowicz”, where the Soviets continued to be murdered by morning 29 June, they began to leave Lviv. The retreating units of the military set fire to public buildings, in the “Brigidki” before the NKWD left, set fire to the second floor. In prisons, fewer are arrested. They were freed by the population, which arrived immediately after the Soviets withdrew in search of their loved ones and discovered gruesome images of the crimes: bricked alive for purposes, piles of mutilated bodies, leaking blood on the street from the prison gate, nailed to the walls, corpses with massive gas lamps blue heads, courtyard filled with multiple layers

bodies up to the windows of the ground floor, called bodies in basements to ceilings. The heat accelerated the decomposition of the bodies, hindering recognition and burial. The fetor was unbearable throughout the city. On 30 June, he entered Lviv first

Ukrainian battalion Nachtigall, and any time after it German troops. Mass crimes began on Jews who were abused and utilized to clean up prisons. Incoherent and uncertain russian data does not let the exact number of victims to be determined. The most common respect is about 4,000 murdered. Among them may be victims from prisons on ul. Sądowa and Batorego, of whom there is no news. about 250 people were most likely saved. The common criminals were released. “Contrrevolutionists” were shot.

They were killed by 4,000; 250 were saved.

At the order of the Gestapo, they shot at the heights of the Vulcans in the Lion.

EXECUTIVES OF LEVEL PROFESORS OF HIGHER SCHOOLS.

June 30, 1941 The Germans entered Lviv. The dramatic announcement of the upcoming events was carried out on 2 July 1941 before noon by German political police (Gestapo) at the Lviv University of Technology prof. Kazimierz Bartl, erstwhile Prime Minister of the Republic and at the same time an outstanding Polish scientist of planet fame. On the night of 3-4 July, the Gestapo arrested 22 professors of Lviv universities, any of their relatives and many 3rd parties residing in their homes.

ARISATION

The arrests were carried out by groups consisting of an SS officer and respective SS officers or Privates, who were besides accompanied by an interpreter-guide. As a rule, it was Ukrainian speaking Polish – it is besides mentioned that the mentioned “wide SS” were Ukrainians. These are fragments of the memories of the survivor of prof. Francis Groer: “[...] Around 11 o'clock there was a ringing [...] At the same time Germans had already entered the main door – [...], in uniforms with dead heads. [...] They gave an order:

“Haende hoch!”, putting a revolver to my forehead [...]. Then they started throwing furiously [...]. They've had a small bit of a run-in with my wife, who is English. This Gestapo officer began a conversation with her in English, and it turned out that he was very good at speaking the language. Then [...] entered with us in a long, calm speech of conversation, asking what I and another professors did during the Bolshevik occupation. [...] Could have been a fewer minutes past 12, as they told me to go down to

down, where on the street there was a truck [...]’. There's no telling who made the professor's proscription list or how. It seems that its creators were not Germans, who utilized a paper made by Ukrainians connected with the nationalist movement, and who had previously studied in Krakow. The list was, fortunately, incomplete and contained errors and inaccuracies, but Gestapo officers in the course of arrests were secretly extracting information from the stressed families of scientists that served to “complement” letters to go to the death of intellectuals. For example, prof. Adam Bednarski was arrested in the place of the deceased prof. of ophthalmologist Jerzy Grzędzielski.

Professor Edward Hamerski's arrest recalls his daughter Barbara Hamerska: “... On 3 July 41, at 11:00 p.m., the household had already slept. After a long and persistent beating, 7 armed Gestapo entered the apartment. [...] Father got up, looked for glasses, dressed. [...] From my mother’s stories, I know that the Father was very upset and afraid about murdering Jews that day. [...] My parent was staying in a sleeping area with us during my father's arrest. She was restrained by the remainder of the Gestapo who yelled (halt!), not letting her into a crying baby [...] The father was brutally removed from the home behind the collar [...].’ respective attempts were besides made to force the detainees to confess to Germanism.

SELECTION

The arrests were a further series of actions led by the Germans against

Polish elites, which began erstwhile they entered Poland in 1939 and continued in May and July 1940 as AB Action. They besides served, without doubt, entirely independently of the German intentions of the Ukrainian nationalists in their genocide plans to "clean" the lands of the "eternally Ukrainian" from the component of the "foreign" for the construction of the "Samostijna". Finally, behind the execution there were besides very material factors, for during the arrests all valuables were robbed: “[...] This officer searched the closet [...] took out a box containing dental gold and gold coins [...] Both officers were hastily loading gold coins and gold boxes and samplers into their pockets.[...] erstwhile they realized that the father, parent and I were looking at them with an expression of disgust and contempt, the face of the Gestapo, [...]

she became red [...]" – testified Tomasz Maria Cieszynski. With Germany strictly

co-operating Dutch Pieter Nikolas Menten active at the time in Kraków and

Lviv, where he was assisted in the retention of stolen cultural goods

Antiquarian Stieglitz (for which he was allowed to last the Holocaust). The home of Bartlów professorship located at 5 Herburtów Street was occupied by the head of the Lviv Gestapo – Brigadefuehrer EberharI Schoengarth, the flat of the Ostrowski states robbed Pieter Menten and the place of prof. Władysław Dobrzanecki

was taken by a friend mentioned above Pieter Menten, Ukrainian, spindle – doctor,

Brother of the Commandant of Ukrainian Police in Lviv. Direct contractor of the decision to

The arrest and execution was the commander of Sicherheitspolizei and Sicherheitsdienst in General Guberni SS Brigadefuehrer Eberhard Schoengarth, who had previously participated in the arrest of professors of the Jagiellonian University in Sonderaction Krakau, and in Lviv he had already stayed since 2 July 1941. Another involved

Officer's case is Hauptsturmfuehrer Hans Krueger. The execution itself was prepared in advance – Gestapo came, de facto, after convicted, not suspects or accused. This was demonstrated by a short period of time since

stopping scientists from committing crimes by the Germans. They besides testified: "He no longer needs it" at the address of prof. Roman Longchamps de Berier and the household of prof. Witold Nowicki taken from his home with his boy Jerzy. Finally, the ad hoc preparation of the execution site in the Wuletsky Hills is organized. besides characteristic is that

The scientists were not mostly questioned but questioned. The form of these “interviews” and moments preceding them can be seen from ProfessorGroer’s account: “[...] The heads told us to go down. If individual moved, they would hit him with a butt or a fist on the head. I tried to turn around once, but I got my butt hit immediately. [...] all fewer minutes, the name of 1 of the professors was invoked and they were called individually [...]. I found myself in a area where there were 2 officers; 1 younger, the 1 who arrested me, and the another higher rank, immense tallness and posture. The another from the place up

He threw me: “Du Hund, du bust Volksdeutsche gewesen, hast aber das Vaterland verraten. Weshalb bust du nicht mit allen Deutschen nach Westen gefahren, wenn es moeglich war?’ I began to explain, first in a simple tone, then – as he screamed more and more – with an elevated voice, that I am of German origin, but I am Polish. Second, even if I wanted to decision to the West then, the russian authorities would never be on me

it did not let due to the advanced social position I occupied and

I was needed. I was further asked what the visitation tickets of English consuls in my possession meant. I replied that I was married to an English female and that English consuls had always visited us. At the end he began to talk calmly and said: “Their must noch den cook sprechen, vir werden

sehen, was sich noch mache laess”, then ran out of the room. The officer who arrested me rapidly said: “It is up to him alone, he has no boss. Tell him you made an crucial discovery in medicine that would be useful for the Wehrmacht. possibly this will aid you." [...] that 1 returned, [...] immediately threw me out the door. I was directed to the other [...] side of the corridor, allowed to sit in the chair and light a cigarette. I was even given a glass of water. Next

I was stood in the position of free professors: Adam Solowi and Roman Rencki. After a while, 1 of the Gestapo asked them how old they were, what they said 82 and 80. I was certain they'd be released by age. I figured my case was better. After a while, the boss told me to go outside and walk, adding:

"Mach so, als ob Du nicht gefangen waerest"..

I started walking around the yard, smoking a cigaret behind a cigaret [...]".

This account is crucial adequate that no of the professors can describe experiences

and direct encounters with the Gestapo during their stay in Bursa Abrahamovich did not survive. The “selection” of detainees was further carried out. “Happy” was a full associate of the home service of scientists. Being

someone “other” almost automatically qualified for a “one-way walk” to Wulecki Hill, where a execution was later carried out.

ENFORCEMENT

The march of 1 group of victims from the bursa to the place of the execution lasted from 20 to 35 minutes. The second and 3rd were delivered there, it seems, by a somewhat circular road. It was most likely about concealing the full “project” from the lions. All groups must have found their way around the same time. Witnesses describing the drama mention about 50 people who were present on 4 July 1941 in the morning in the literal sense of “over their grave”: “[...] On the edge of Wulecki Hill [...] I saw dozens of civilian people standing in 1 row, and a small further from them to the right and left stood [...] elegantly dressed German officers with revolvers in hand. I didn't number the civilian ones.

people, but I estimated them at about 40 – 50 people. [...]", 1 of the people who watched the execution mentioned. Without losing the valuables, for the sake of keeping the crime secret, the killing began. Murdered men who were neither bound nor handcuffed were brought in by respective people over a previously excavated pit. The victims were placed face-to-side and behind them was a firing squad composed of respective (five-six) soldiers

(Ukrainian Auxiliary Police), led and supervised by a German officer with short arms. At the commanding officer's command, the soldiers returned the volley. After the execution of 1 “four” another was brought in and

Next. Yes, until the end. Years later, during the local vision, it was calculated that the full execution with the flooding of the grave had to last at least 40 minutes. Gathered before execution and standing above the prepared grave waiting for

probably SS officers “[...] erstwhile dawn arrived [...] in the Wuletsky Hills any movement began. [...] I sat on the couch, not knowing what this decision meant [...]. In that second I heard the first volley [...]. I recognized German soldiers, then men in civilian clothes, there were besides any women [...]. I saw a character in ashtrayed clothes.

A completely mandible shade [...]. 5 people were brought in respective times, and I saw these people fall after the rifles. I stood chained to a place, unconsciously looking at this execution show [...]". This is how the wife of the murdered prof. Antoni Lomnicki described the incident. Witnesses observed tiny “distortions” during the execution. 1 of the murdered turned to soldiers shooting in the back and started talking to them, another “[...] on a fraction of a second before the shot fell into the pit, [...] he did it deliberately to save himself and immediately after the shot jumped out of the pit,

but the soldier shot, he waved and fell into the pit.” The last female killed was a black female who had to be sustained before a murderous shot. 1 female who could not go, dragged 2 soldiers [...]". 1 of the groups of convicts was besides expected to carry with them the "down of death" of any powerless individual – it could have been 1 of the scientists who had previously been murdered in Bursa Abrahamovich. Despite this, the murderous procedure went smoothly. After each series of shots “[...] was

a smoke that the wind ran towards Pełczyńska Street [...].’ It cannot be excluded that any professors have been buried alive...

TRAINING

Just after the execution was over, the soldiers who executed it began searching for the bodies to bury the grave. In a short time it grew a specially sown herb. respective years after the crimes suffered by the Germans, they began to cover up traces of their crimes. The bodies of the murdered professors were nightly extracted from 7 to 8 October 1943 by a peculiar branch, referred to as Sonderkommando 1005, composed of Jews remaining in ghettos and besides destined to be murdered. Command was to command

Untersturmfüehrer SS Walter Schallock, whose main task was to dig up graves of people previously murdered, and later

smoking excavated corpses in the Krzywczycki Forests, where there was a place of mass execution on russian soldiers who had previously been taken prisoner, Poles and Jews.

The Holocaust survivors Leon Welicker in his memoirs says that before Jom-Kipur,

That is, on October 8,1943, a group of 20 Jews “in company with” German safety services at Wuleckie Hill were brought out of the camp in the aforementioned Krzywczycki Forest. After arriving at the site of SS Sturmbannfuehrer Kurt Stawiski, who clearly identified the right place, the bodies were exhumed immediately. Those working on it pointed out that the people buried there had to be well placed – they pointed out

for this genre clothes falling out of their pocket gold watches, chains to them, feathers with monograms and surnames (this proves the deficiency of accuracy of executioners and haste in covering tracks). So they rapidly realized that this was the place of execution and burial of Lviv professors. The excavated bodies of scientists and their companions of misery were taken immediately to Krzywczycki Forest and on 9 October along with respective 100 another corpses and burned together at the stake.

LETTER OF JULY 4, 1941

Prof. Dr. Antoni Cieszynski, 59, Manager

Dental Clinic of JK University. prof. kept close contacts with

Metropolitan of Lviv Greek Catholic Andrzej Szeptycki. At the request of the wife of the arrested professor, he replied that “the dress does not mix with worldly acts”

Prof. Dr. Władysław Dobrzanecki, 44, Chief of State Surgery

Universal Hospital, fought for the Lviv in 1918

Prof. Dr. Jan Grek, 66, prof. at the interior illness Clinic of JK University
Maria Grekova, 57, wife of Jan Grek
Dr. Jerzy Grzędzielski, 40, Head of the Ophthalmology Clinic of JK University
Prof. Dr. Edward Hamerski, 43, Head of the Department of Diseases of Infectious Animals of the household Academy of Veterinary Medicine, fought for Polish Lviv in 1918
Prof. Dr. Henryk Hilarowicz, 51, prof. at the Surgeon Clinic of JK University,

defender of Lviv in 1918. He was specified a good doctor that many of his colleagues had a job

He said if they were to be operated on, it was due to him.

Fr Dr. Władysław Komornicki, 29, lecturer in Bible Teachings in Higher Education

Spiritual Seminary in Lviv

Eugeniusz Kostecki, 36, Swiss master, husband of the housewife of prof. Dobrzanicki
Prof. Dr. Włodzimierz Krukowski, 53, Head of the Department of Electrical Measurements of Lviv University of Technology
Prof. Roman Longchamps de Bérier, 56, Head of civilian Law Department of JK University, Rector of the Jagiellonian University from 1938 to 1939, defender of Lviv in 1918
Bronisław Longchamps de Bérier, 25, postgraduate of Lviv University of Technology, boy of a professor
Sigismund Longchamps de Bérier, 23, postgraduate of Lviv University of Technology, son

Professor

Kazimierz Longchamps de Bérier, 18, son

Professor

Prof. Dr. Antoni Łomnicki, 60, Head of the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lviv University of Technology, co-founder of the “Lwów Mathematical School”
Adam Mełewicz, 19, grandson of prof. Adam Sołowisz, taken with his grandfather
Prof. Dr. Witold Nowicki, 63, Head of Department of Pathological Anatomy of JK University, defender of Lviv in 1918
Dr. Jerzy Nowicki, 27, assistant of the Department of Hygiene at JK University, boy of the professor
Prof. Tadeusz Ostrowski, 60, Head of the Surgery Clinic, Dean of the Medical Department 1937 – 1938, Polish defender of Lviv in 1918, taternik, mountain climber, 1 of the originators of transplant and transplant techniques in general
Jadwiga Ostrowska, 59, Professor's wife
Prof. Dr. Stanisław Pilat, 60 years old, Head of the Department of Oil and Gas Technology, Lviv University of Technology
Prof. Dr. Stanisław Progulski, 67, prof. at the Pediatric Clinic of JK University. large guardian of children who went to the hospital
Eng. Andrzej Progulski, 29, boy of professor
Prof. honor. Roman Rencki, 80, Head of the interior illness Clinic

JK University

Maria Reymanova, 40, Social Insurance Nurse, taken from prof. Ostrowski's apartment
Anna Rufowa, 55, wife of Stanisław Ruff
Dr. Stanislaw Ruff, 69, Chief of the Department of judaic infirmary Surgery, taken from the residence of prof. Ostrowski
Chemist engineer Adam Ruff, 30 years old, boy of Stanisław Ruff, murdered earlier “at Abrahamovich’s” during the seizure of epilepsy

Prof. Dr. Włodzimierz Sieradzki, 70, Head of the Department of Judicial Medicine

JK University, Rector of JK University from 1924 to 1925, defender of Lviv in 1918

year

Prof. Dr. Adam Solowij, 82, retired

Head of the Gynecological and Obstetric Hospital

The oldest of the murdered.

Prof. Dr. Włodzimierz Kożek, 57, Head of the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Land Engineering and Water Engineering, Lviv University of Technology
Eng. Eustachy Kożek, 29 years old, assistant to Lviv University of Technology, boy of Włodzimierz conek
Eng. Emanuel Cone, postgraduate of the Faculty of Chemistry at Lviv University of Technology, boy of the professor
Doctor of Rights Tadeusz Tapkowski, 44, taken from the flat of prof. Dobrzanicki
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Vetulani, 61, Head of the Department of General Mechanics of Lviv University of Technology
Prof. Dr. Kasper Weigel, 61, Head of the Department of measurement of Lviv University of Technology
Mgr rights Józef Weigel, 33, boy of Kaspra Weigel
Prof. Dr. Roman Witkiewicz, 55, Head of Engineering measurement Department of Lviv University of Technology
Wolisch, 40 – 45, owner of the “Beier and Company” confection magazine, taken from the residence of prof. Sieradzki
Dr Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, 66, physician, journalist, literary critic, translator of French literature, during the russian business from 1939 to 1941 head of the Department of Literature of the French University of Lviv.

Boy most likely did not appear on the list of professors to be shot due to the fact that he was neither a prof. nor lived in Lviv before the war. That's most likely why he was murdered erstwhile he was arrested. He was entertaining prof. Jan Grek.

In the following days they were besides shot:

5 JULY

Katarzyna (Kathy) Demko, 34, English teacher, taken from the flat of prof. Ostrowski
Dr. Stanislaw Mączewski, 49, Chief of the Gynecological and Obstetric infirmary Department

12 JULY

Prof. Dr. Henryk Korowicz, 53, Professor

Economics of the Academy of abroad Trade

Prof. Dr. Stanisław Ruziewicz, 51, prof. of Mathematics of the Academy of Commerce

Foreign

26 JULY

Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Bartel, 59, Head of the Department of breathtaking Geometry of Lviv University of Technology, five-time Prime Minister of the Polish Government.

It is worth noting that the Germans burned the professor's library on the occasion.

List developed on the basis of the work – “Kaźń profesorów Lwowskie – July 1941 – studies and reports and papers collected and developed by Zygmunt Albert”, Wrocław 1989

CERTIFICATE

A Conversation with the Ruler of Siemaszko – the National Memorial

I'm the 1 with the full prison.

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SIEMASHKO 18 JUNE 2019, He's 100 years old.

Władysław Czajuszko, nicknamed “Wir” (born 8 June 1919 in Kurytyba – a Polish lawyer, a border activist, since the 1980s investigator of the tragedy of the Polish population in Volyn during planet War II. Knight of the Order of the White Eagle.

Son of a Polish diplomat. He lived in Volyn from 1924 to 1944. In 1940, he was sentenced by the russian court to death punishment (replaced later for 10 years of camp). Incarcerated in a prison in Lutsk until June 1941, he avoided mass execution by the NKVD. In 1942–1944 he fought in the AK as an officer of the 27th Volyn Infantry Division. In 1945 he was arrested again by russian authorities and then transferred to Polish communist authorities. He stayed in prison until 1948. After the war, he graduated from the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Until his retirement, he worked as a solicitor.

How long have you been in Lutsk?

Wladyslaw Hi:

I was arrested in May 1940 and sat until 26 June 1941(13 months)

At that time, you escaped death twice.

6 November 1940. The Circuit Court of Lutsk sentenced me to death.

I've waited 5 months to execute my sentence. This punishment was changed to a 10 - year stay in the camps. It was the first sneaking out of life, though

He's drawing himself terribly. While I was waiting for the shipment, I survived the war.

German-Soviet in June 1941. Then it was just a coincidence.

I thought I missed the Encavud bullet.

What were the reasons for the arrest and the grounds

Sentence?

As a associate of the Armed Forces Union, I was arrested on charges

counter-revolutionary activity. From Włodzimierz Volynski and the surrounding areas along with me

34 people were tried in 1 process – all of them. We were convicted.

Article 54 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code, alleged counter-revolutionary, points

2 and 11. They were the heaviest crimes.

What were they in prison for, and who were the another prisoners?

Most of them were political. By the beginning of 1941 Poles prevailed. Prison

Discharged by transport to the camps were filled with Ukrainians. There were most of them before the German-Soviet War broke out. another nationalities are tiny groups.

Did the prisoners know the Germans attacked the russian Union?

On 22 June 1940, we heard the blast of bombs falling and artillery firing.

Anti-aircraft. We figured it was a German attack due to the fact that a small earlier

Ukrainian nationalists, arrested shortly before 22 June, barred that Germany would shortly strike the Soviets. They knew about the preparations for the war due to the fact that they contacted fellows cooperating with Germany in the General Governorate (GG).

On that day, the engenders would pull out the convicts and somewhere in the area.

The prisons were liquidated. At 1 point the bomb fell on the building

administrative, destroying it. any engenders died. After the bombing.

The guards are gone.

No escape attempts?

I sat on the level in the alleged transport cell (waiting to be exported), we were closed until the next day. On the ground floor, where the bomb detonation broke the locks in part of the door, the prisoners, seeing that there were no enkavudists, freed themselves and opened their next targets, went out into the courtyards.

A fewer daredevils dared to climb the walls and jump but stayed

shot by an external cordon around the prison. There were fatalities.

In any prisons after the German attacks, the guards fled, but shortly returned

and went on to liquidate the prison.

How was Lutsk?

The guards returned on the morning of June 23rd and firing, drove prisoners who were in the corridors and courtyards to their cells. In a while, prisoners with things were being taken out of their cells.

We were told to come down to the ground floor. On the way down, we heard that the downstairs engender asks everyone about the paragraph from which he is tried or convicted, and nationality. individual whispered that the Ukrainians would take off and shoot Poles. Fr Bronisław Galicki of Włodzimierz Wołyński, who was coming before me under the influence of this rumor, decided to claim to be a Ukrainian. The reverse declarations were besides

– Ukrainians referred to themselves as Poles. The main body of the prison separated the environment

the building for 2 courtyards and an encourage questioning prisoners led

Ukrainians for the larger courtyard, and Poles for the smaller. After the prisoners were filled with the courtyards, the encades closed the entrances to the prison and disappeared. shortly from the walls,

security turrets and upstairs windows were fired from device guns

And grenades were thrown. The sounds of the shooting and the explosions connected with the screams and groans indescribable. There was a blind fire, any people were shot multiple times. Those trying to escape through the wall were thrown down. In the courtyard to which

hit, named by the surviving Polish Poles, there were respective hundred

men.

How did you survive?

There was a large metallic pot to spread soup. Together with Fr Stanisław

Kobyłecki of Włodzimierz Wołyński we hid behind him, and the bullets reflected

From the walls. We didn't get hit by a grenade fragment either. And around us, all over the courtyard, bleeding bodies, any torn apart, mangled. The groaning. In the evening, we were brought into a area that was a prison chapel before the war.

Was the night quiet?

There was nothing going on with us, we were just sitting there waiting to know. Fr Kobyłecki

He gave the sacrament of penance. But from another targets during the night the envoys took

survivors and tiny groups shot in the second courtyard,

"Ukrainian", where Ukrainians were executed before. There after the massacre

About 150 people remain.

How did the next day go?

On the morning of June 24, the envoys drove us to bury. In the courtyard

The “Ukrainian” were already deep pits, to which we brought the corpse. From

We were without food and drink on June 22, so we didn't have the strength. The 4 of us dragged on a blanket 1 victim to the pits – from the courtyards, and from the goal

And corridors where I don't know erstwhile they were murdered. About 2,000 people died. We put up with it.

also in 1 place the miserable remains of prisoner property. The layers of the corpses were sprinkled with calcium, and the filled pits were buried. Night again

We've been in prison.

Have you considered what else might happen to survivors?

We expected to be the last victims after the prison area was arranged. However, the Germans “came to deliver us”. On June 25, they entered the prison area, but they didn't let us go, they told us to stay until the next day. Then we felt freer and penetrated the prison. Turns out all the prisoners survived but a fewer taken at the beginning of the execution.

How did the Germans respond to survivors?

They gave us coffee and a bun. It was the first meal since June 22nd. 26 June

We were released by listing. I was 90, and there were not many people behind me.

Jews were detained – later murdered.

– spoke Helena Werbska

"IPN Bulletin" 22 – 23 June 2011

Documents, sources, quotations:

From Janina Wysochanska's account,

KARTA Centre, AW I/90 (choice of studies by Ewa Czaszko).

From the account of Polikarp Straczycki (in the collections of Eve Hi.

From the account of Janusz Karpata (from the collections of Ewa Czaszko)

Joseph of the Earth, For the purposes of the NKVD, “A voice from above the Niemna”,