Division XII - About various types of militia and about the employed army
We said above how essential it is for a prince to establish a good foundation without which he will surely fall. The most crucial basis for all states as fresh as the old and mixed are good laws and good troops, and since there cannot be good laws where there is no good army, and where there is simply a good army, there are surely good laws, therefore, I will not be on rights, but on the military I will judge.
So I will say that the army to which the prince defends his country is his own or hired, auxiliary or mixed.
The mercenary and the mercenary is useless and dangerous, and if a man on the hired army builds up his state, he will never stand firm and secure, for it is incompatible, ambitious, unpunished, unfaithful, brave to his friends, cowardly to his enemies, afraid of God or keep religion in men, so that only the fall of the prince is delayed, as long as the assault is delayed; it robs you during peace, and the enemy during war.
The reason for this is that it has no another attachment or motivation, holding it in the field, like this small bit of pay, which is not a strong adequate incentive for specified an army to want to die for you.
Mercenaries want to be very much your soldiers erstwhile you're not at war, but erstwhile the war comes they'd alternatively run or go away.
I don't request to work hard to prove it, due to the fact that Italia was not destroyed by anything else, as was the fact that for many years she had been put to the hired army, which, at first, was able to do something, and was considered brave among herself, but only erstwhile the foreigner came, showed what was worth it.
This is the reason why Charles, the king of France, managed to capture Italy without any difficulty. He who said that our sins were the origin of this, told the truth, but not those sins which the talker meant, but those which I mentioned, and due to the fact that they were the sins of the princes, so they besides suffered punishment. I would like to show even better how unfortunate this weapon is.
The mercenary chiefs are either excellent men or not; if they are, you cannot trust them, for they will always search their own greatness, either by oppressing you, who are their master, or by oppressing others against your will; and erstwhile specified a chief is not brave, he will besides ruin you.
And if anyone had noticed that any chief, mercenary or not, would have done the same thing, as long as he had a weapon in his hand, I would have answered that the military is either a prince or a commonman [republic, state - MS]. The prince should personally fulfil the work of the chief, the Republic is to usage its citizens to do so, and erstwhile he is not brave, he should change him; and erstwhile he is, hold him by his rights in specified a way that he cannot evade obedience.
Experience shows that the princes themselves and the armed common things do very large things, and that the mercenary weapons do nothing but harm, and that the republic armed with its own army is more hard to bend to obey 1 of its citizens than the armed abroad army.
Rome and Sparta armed and free stood for many centuries, The Swiss are very armed and very free. As an example of ancient mercenary weapons, Carthaginians, who, after the end of the First War with the Romans, were exposed to the oppression of their mercenary soldiers, although their chieftains were Carthaginese citizens. The Tebanians made Epaminondas the chief of their army Philip Macedonian after his death, and he after his triumph took their freedom.
After the death of Prince Philipp, the Milanans took Francesca Sforza to pay against the Venetians. This, having defeated his enemies at Caravaggio, then merged with them to harass the Milanans, his masters.
His father, Sforza, being in the service of Joanna of Naples, left her undefended at once, so that she, in order not to lose the kingdom, had to search the support of the king of Aragon. True, the Venetians and the Florentines had previously enlarged their country with this weapon, and their chiefs never became princes, but yes defenders - I will say that the Florentines in this case were peculiarly fortunate, for any of the brave chiefs they might have feared had not succeeded, others had encountered obstacles, others had returned their ambition elsewhere.
The 1 who did not win was Giovanni Acuto; and since he did not win, it is impossible to become convinced of his faithfulness; yet everyone will admit that if he had won, they would have been Florentines at his mercy. Sforza always had the Braccio household against each another so that they would watch over each other.
Francesco turned his ambition towards Lombardy and Braccio against the Church and the Neapolitan Kingdom. But let's decision on to what happened recently.
The Florentines appointed their chieftain Paola Vitelli, a very clever man who came to a very crucial point from a private fortune. It cannot be denied that if he had won Pisa, it would have been appropriate for the Florentines to keep him, for they would have been lost if he had gone into the service of his enemies; and they would gotta submit to him. If you consider the achievements of the Venetians, you will find that they acted toward their safety and glory erstwhile they waged war on their own people, and so it was before they set their expeditions to land solid; then a noble and armed people did courageous deeds, but erstwhile they began to fight on land, they lost their courage and began to follow the customs of Italy.
In the beginnings of their expansion on the mainland, they did not request much to fear their chiefs; for they did not have a large state there, and they were in large esteem, but shortly knew their mistake erstwhile they began to grow their country, which happened erstwhile the chief was Carmagnola; for having beaten the Duke of Milan under his leadership, they became convinced of his courage, on the another hand, that he had cooled down in the conduct of the war; so they concluded that they could not prevail with him anymore, due to the fact that he did not want it, or that they could not send him away, so they could not lose what they had earned; therefore, for safety they were forced to execution him.
Then, as chieftains of Bartolomea da Bergamo, Roberta da San Severino, number of Di Pitigliano and others, after whom losses alternatively than gains were expected, as happened later at Vaila, where in 1 conflict they lost what they gained in 800 years - due to the fact that this weapon brings only slow and tiny prey, while abrupt and extraordinary losses.
And since these examples have led me to talk about Italy, where for many years employed troops have been operating, I would like to consider this thing deeper so that seeing their beginning and improvement can be improved more easily. It is crucial to know that at the time erstwhile the empire began to lose power in Italy, and the pope gained more and more weight in worldly things, Italy became divided into more countries, due to the fact that many of the major cities took arms against their nobles, who had previously, having the Emperor's care, oppressed them. The church supported them to gain importance in secular matters. Many another cities have been ruled by their citizens as princes. In this way Italia got almost entirely into the hands of the Church and a fewer things; and erstwhile these clergymen and these another citizens did not know the martial arts, they began taking abroad mercenaries.
The first 1 to make this military look good was Alberigo da Conio of Romania. Among another things, Braccio and Sforza, who were arbitrators of Italy in their time, left his school. After them came all those others, in whose hands until our time lies the weapons of Italy. And specified is the fruit of their valor that it was occupied by Charles, skinned by Louis, raped by Ferdinand, desecrated by the Swiss.
First of all, they adhered to the rule that they neglected on ft to increase their own meaning. They did so due to the fact that they had no state, and had no cunning, they would not have been able to gain a tiny number of infantry, and they could not keep a large number, so they limited themselves to a horse, which even a modest number brought them so much that they were fed and honored.
And then things came to pass that there were not even 2 1000 infantry in a military of 20,000 soldiers. They have besides exerted their cunning to remove all hardship and fear from themselves and their soldiersThey did not kill each another in battles, but the captives were taken without bloodshed; the besieged did not shoot at the besieged towns at night, and the besieged did not shoot at their camp at night; they did not environment the camp with an ark or ditch, and in winter they did not go out into the field.
Discipline allowed them to do all these things invented by them to avoid, as they were said, hardship and danger, so that they brought slavery and contempt upon Italy.
Chapter XIII - On the Meal Army, Mixed and Own
Another kind of useless army is reinforcement troops, that is, erstwhile a mighty [prince] is called upon to come to you with his weapon with aid and defense,
As Pope Julius had late done, who, on his expedition to Ferrara, had made with a dense weapon a sad experience, began to usage reinforcements and arranged with Ferdinand, the Spanish king who was to support him with his men and his army.
Such an army may even be useful and good by itself, but it is always dangerous for him who summons them, For if it fails, you lose, If it wins, you will become his slave.
And although ancient past is full of these examples, I would like to stay with the fresh example of Julius II, who, in order to take Ferrara, could not commit more indiscretion due to the fact that he gave himself completely into the hands of a foreigner.
But his fortunate star made him not reap the fruit of his false step. For erstwhile the host of his feedings fell under Ravenna, the Swiss rose up, and against all expectation, and his and others, they drove out the victors; so the pope gained so much that he did not become a captive or enemies, for they were driven out, nor the host of the eaters, due to the fact that he prevailed with another, and not with their weapons.
The Florentines, without a full army, brought 10,000 Frenchmen under Pisa to get it. This step exposed them to more dangers than always - even in times very hard for them - threatened them.
The Constantinople Emperor, wanting to defy his neighbors, brought 10,000 Turks into Greece who, after the end of the war, refused to leave it, and this became the beginning of Greece's captivity to the infidels.
Whoever, therefore, wants never to be able to overcome, let him usage only this army, which is far more dangerous than the mercenary; it will surely bring about its fall, for it is always united, always subject to the orders of individual else; whereas the hired troops, even victorious, request more time and better chance to harm you, for they are not all 1 body, and they have been created, and are paid by you, so that the 1 whom you appointed commander cannot at erstwhile gain specified influence as to harm you.
In general, cowardice and unwillingness to fight are more dangerous in the mercenary army, whereas in the mealy army, valor is more dangerous.
So the wise prince always avoided these types of armies, and utilized his own, and preferred to lose with his own alternatively than to win with strangers, believing that the triumph of the alien weapon was not true.
I will never hesitate to mention as an example of Caesar Borgia and his actions.
This prince entered Romania with a reinforcement army, bringing in only the French soldiers whom he had conquered Imola and Forli; but erstwhile specified an army did not seem certain to him, he began to usage the mercenary, seeing little danger in him; so he took the militias of Orsinis and Vitellis on his salary, but later, having noticed in their conduct the fragility, infidelity, and danger to himself, he dissolved them and turned to his own troops.
And it is easy to see what the difference is between 1 kind of army and the other, erstwhile attention is drawn to how completely different the prince was erstwhile he had only the French, and erstwhile the militias of the Orsinis and Vitellis, and erstwhile he again stopped at his own army, relying only on himself; it is easy to see that it grew always and never greater than erstwhile everyone saw that he was the sole master of his weapon.
I would like to follow fresh Italian examples, but I find it hard to ignore Hieron of Syracuse due to the fact that I have already mentioned him.
He, as it was said, appointed by Syracuse as chief of the army, immediately knew the uselessness of the hired army, whose commanders were the same as ours in Italy; seeing that neither he could keep them in service nor perform, he ordered them all to be quartered, and then he fought not strangers but his own army.
I would besides like to bring to head a figure of the Old Testament that corresponds to this subject.
When David offered himself to Saul to fight Goliath, the Philistine striker, Saul, to give him a spirit, he armed him with his armor, but David, having tried it, turned him back to him, saying that he was not free in it, so he preferred to walk with his slingshot and knife against the enemy.
Anyone else's armor is either falling off your back or you're pregnant or you're crushed.
Charles VII, the father of King Louis XI, freed France from the English thanks to his happiness and valour, understood the necessity of arming himself with his own weapons and formed horse and infantry troops in his country. But then his son, King Louis, disbanded the infantry and began taking the Swiss to pay.
This error, which has besides been followed by others, is, as we now see, the origin of the dangers to which this kingdom is exposed.
For the king, lifting up the meaning of the Swiss, weakened his assurance in his own strength throughout his army; and having removed his infantry completely, he made his horse dependent on a abroad soldier, for she, having become accustomed to fighting alongside the Swiss, lost her religion to prevail without them.
That's why the French won't take it, and without the Swiss, they can't do anything against others.
So the French army became mixed,
partly employed and partially domestic;
such a complex military is much better than a mercenary or only a meal but much worse than its own.
And let this example suffice, for the Kingdom of France would be invincible if Charles’ decrees were developed and preserved.
But the weak sense of man comes to a thing that, in appearance of good, does not let to announcement the poison at the bottom, as is the thing with dryness.
If he who exercises princely authority recognizes evil only erstwhile it arises, he is not truly wise; but specified wisdom is the share of fewer men.
And he who considers the origin of the fall of the Roman Empire will see that it was only that the Goths began to be taken to pay, for they began to weaken the strength of the Roman Empire, and that all the courage it lost was passed on to them.
So I come to the conclusion that without my own army no principality is safe, it is entirely at the mercy of fate, without having the power to defend it in times of misery.
Wise people have always been of opinion and conviction, "quod nihil sit there infirmum, car instabile, quam fama potentiae non sua vi nixa".(that there is no narrower and more unstable thing than the brilliance of power, not based on native forces". Tacitus, Yearbooks, XIII, 19)
And the own army is 1 that consists of subjects, citizens or people chosen by you; each 1 is either employed or auxiliary. And there will be an easy means to make your own army, if you consider the right, above given by me, even if you look at how they were armed and organized by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, and many another republics, in which the principles seem to be absolutely correct.
Let us be wise before harm, foretell unforeseen, due to the fact that all fresh war surprises with solutions, the enemy does not repeat the old well-known strategy and tactics.
The war in Ukraine showed that tanks would be useful, but thousands of drones are equally, possibly even more effective and cheaper.
Until we're strong enough, let's be in this NATO that's kind of partly employed and partially nativeBut let's be careful...
Let's not be deceived, let's not be harassed, let's not make cannon meat in someone's business.
Let us build a community in society and build an army, a common territorial defence, to be certain of our own strengths - let us build bridges between generations and between nations, to be certain of good relations with our neighbours so that we do not gotta fight.
But first, Germany and 5th column.
P.S.
Prof. P. Skrzidlewski:
Our national fall, state fall, starts where there is bad education and bad upbringing
25 November 2024 11:08
Radio Maryja
“This is what the Republic will be like for their youth to hide,” Jan Zamoyski taught and was undoubtedly right. past shows that our national fall, state fall, starts where there is bad education and bad upbringing, where people are confused in their heads. The first step to a good education of children and young people must be to fight for our young people not to be poisoned by trivial and insane ideologies – he said in his column from the series "Try to Think" on Radio Maryja prof. Paweł Skrzydlewski, philosopher, Rector of the Academy of Zamość.
The founder of the Academy of Zamość, Chancellor of the Grand Crown Jan Zamoyski, is credited with the quote: “The Republic will be specified as their youth to hide.”
– Jan Zamoyski, perfectly educated (in his time besides the Rector of the University of Padua) knew and understood that wealth, comfort and fame would be of no usage if they did not find the foundation in educated, righteous, virtuous people. He wrote...: “Without teachings, but any virtuous and enlightened, erstwhile the people are blind, the kingdoms fall, the powers fall, the dignity itself become a burden.” 1 can ask what is happening present with “young people hiding”, with hiding our children and grandchildren,” said Prof. Paweł Skrzydlewski.
Therefore, consideration should be given to the current training of young generations.
– It is not a secret that our schools and universities in a very short time cease to be not only Polish, but even universities and schools. They turn into centres of depravity, where it is hard to see science, education – in general work on themselves. They cease to be communities of intelligent people who live in friendship. In general, it must be made clear that many parents with a healthy court of man and the planet are increasingly afraid of school. He is besides afraid of returning his children from university. It would be very incorrect to think that the terrible condition of our education and social education is simply the work of the present government.... This condition is simply a consequence of negligence, errors, terrible decisions present in our past for a very long time – the Rector of the Academy of Zamość pointed out.
In this context, the philosopher recalled the words of Adam Mickiewicz, who assessed the attempts to improvement education and education by the Committee on National Education as fruitless and bad because
"KEN issued laws based on very liberal principles. For all classes of the nation, academics, advanced schools and schools were opened across the country. Anyone could go anywhere without a charge. The youth of the learner was given all privileges, was encouraged in all way, but the full piled educational building, or public institution, had no basis in any moral truth, in any general dogma. Works that were to service as simple works were brought from abroad. These books, written by encyclopedic philosophers, were in conflict with spiritual education, left inactive in the hands of the clergy. Logic, strict skills, and everything taught in schools, were already taught according to the views of materialism. The inferior collections of history, drawn from the works of abroad Republicans, instilled in maxims breathing hatred against the monarchy, and in addition tried to insert hereditary royal power as the only means of salvation of the Republic. In this way, for 20 years young people were educated, who with the head of a turned crowd of confused concepts had, coming out of the world, to embrace the regulation of the country and organize Poland. This youth later consisted of the majority of the Four-Year Sejm, called the Great.”
“This is what the Republic will be like for their youth to hide,” Zamoyski taught and was undoubtedly right. past shows that our national fall, state fall, starts where there is bad education and bad upbringing, where people are confused in their heads. Therefore, today, erstwhile we make efforts to repair the Republic, we request to apply as much as possible to the fact that Polish youth do not have a dizziness in the head of this "multiple of different concepts", positions and ideologies.
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