REMEMBER 1 SEPTEMBER 1944 – TYME OVER WERSHAW
POLISH NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
It seems that Maurice Mochnacki's pedigree of our national uprisings was linked to the bar confederation.
He attributed her very noble national goals, but besides emphasized the origin of her failures. This movement was limited to the nobles themselves. Despite all the serious mistakes made by Generality (the legal standard – the smallest, sensible whole, an component of the law), despite its contention, social conservatism, naivety in looking at the aid of France, Prussia or Austria, but – as Emanuel Rostwarowski wrote – “the nobles in the country were confederating and beating with the Russians for 4 years, wandering the woods and then hundreds went to Siberia”. It was this bloody occupied baric confederation that caused the unique “allergic” of the nobility to the slogan “independence”.
Maurice Mochnacki (born 13 September 1803 in Fearful municipality Great Bridges under Yellow, amended 20 December 1834 in Auxerre) – Polish activist, political journalist, 1 of Polish theorists RomanticismA pianist. He was a associate and chronicler November Uprising – he wrote “The uprising of the Polish people in 1830 and 1831It’s okay. ” associate of the Union of Free Poles and Patriotic Society.
BARK CONFEDERATION
Bar Confederation (1768–1772) – armed unionnobles Polish created in Bar au Sub volumeFebruary 291768 year, with oath founding act in defence of Catholic religion and independency Republic of, directed against curatels Russian EmpireKing Stanisław August Poniatowski and supporting him Russian troops. The intent of the confederation was to abolish the laws imposed by Russia, and especially giving equality to the innoisseurs.
Some Historics consider it the first Polish national uprising.
Adam Mickiewicz attempted to compose a drama in French devoted to the peripeties of the Confederacy movement in Krakow (Les Confedérés de Bar), and Julius Słowacki sought out in the bar confederation a heroic effort to save Poland erstwhile “the full nation dies like in a God-inspired ship.”
CHURCH INSURATION
But already at the emigration of Maurice Mochnacki much higher in terms of strength, scope and importance for the fates of Poland, he assessed the Kościuszkowska Insurrection in 1794. "The beginnings of the 1794 uprising – he wrote – cannot be compared to anything in history. It was a confederacy of the manor far more powerful than the nobility of Barsk.” So it was only after the fall of the November Uprising that Mochnacki full understood the size of Kościuszko's armed act.
This breakthrough function of Kościuszko was best described by Szymon Askenazy – "If the 3rd May was a testament of old Poland, the national uprising of Kościuszko was a fresh EVANGELIA".
Szymon Askenza (b. 24 December1865 In Whistleed. 22 June1935 In Warsaw)– Polish historian Jewish of origin, mainly engaged in global relations in the 18th and 19th centuries. prof. University of Lviv and then Warsaw. In his political views, akin to the legionary-pilsudczyk camp. The creator of the Lviv Historical School, besides called Askkenazi School.
Władysław Zajewski co-authored the "Three national uprisings":
"It is time to answer to those historians who in general question the meaning of our armed struggles for an independent state. Let us remind that the unfortunate war of 1792 in defence of the Constitution on 3 May lasted only 70 days, the enemy was inactive far away, very far from the gates of Warsaw, erstwhile the monarch "willfully" declared accession to Targowice, and behind it a full group of politicians of the 4 Year Sejm. The Kosciuszko Insurrection lasted 200 days, the November 325 days uprising, the January uprising survived over 450 days."
It is the fact that our armed uprisings were the blood of the bravest people, but could the Polish people quit this form of conflict for independence?
Adam Mickiewicz wrote: "I have not heard the people being resurrected by trials and diplomatic notes."
We should be convinced in national awareness that without any national uprisings and uprisings occurring in our national past and tradition it would not be possible for Poland to regain independency on 11 November 1918.
POLISH PATRIOT ASSOCIATION
The withdrawal of German troops from the USSR from August 1943 and the approach of the Red Army to the Polish lands forced the AK command to make a decision in the form of an armed speech against Germans. Military and civilian management of underground Poland was in a very hard situation as the authorities of the USSR did not keep relations with the Polish government in exile and supported the subordinate Union of Polish Patriots.
The Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP) – a political union, established on 1 March 1943 by Polish communists in the USSR; considered to be a tool of the russian Union's policy on Polish substance – prepared conditions for communists to take power in post-war Poland.
ZPP developed its full activity after the ZSRS (April 1943) authorities broke diplomatic relations with the Government of Poland in exile.
Jewish communists (as of I 1944 concentrated in the Central Office of Polish Communists) dominated the ZPP authorities, who did not uncover the prospective goal of the organization. The formation of the organization was officially announced at the ZPP convention in June 1943. Earlier this was impossible due to the tense Polish-Soviet situation (Katyń, break of diplomatic relations). In May 1943 the communists agreed with Stalin the composition of the command of the Polish division in the USSR, which was to be headed by the Polish hebrew Gen. Zygmunt Berling.
In the towns close Lviv, captured by Polish prisoners, the Asian method is buried to the ground, and the old Jews urinate on them. http://www.tworca.org/Chapter15.html
Sigismund Berling writes: “On 17 September 1939, I met 2 russian tanks besieged by a crowd of cheerers on German street in Vilnius, where only judaic bourgeoisie lived. Jews themselves. Old and young, women and children sang and threw flowers at tanks – seemingly already prepared for this occasion. Nu coo? Yours are over! Now we – an old, acquainted hebrew said to me there. present I realize it was a trailer. ... what was to happen.”
And that these tanks choked the last breath of freedom on this earth? Make them cry!
On 9 and 10 June, a gathering of the ZPP was held in Moscow, where a charter, an thought declaration was announced, the board and the review committee were elected. The Board of Directors was elected at the convention:
President of the Main Board – Wanda Vasilewska Polish judaic woman, friend of Józef Stalin.
Members – Stanisław Skrzeszewski, Stefan Jędrychowski (ideal friend of Czesław Miłosz), Włodzimierz Sokorski and Zygmunt Berling.
The declaration explicitly condemns the government of Poland in exile and Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski, as acting against the "English-Soviet-American bloc".
In the programme, the request to rebuild the socio-political structure of the future Poland, the importance of the alliance with the USSR for the safety of its borders and the revision of the east border (rejection of the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Riga).
In 1944, the union established the Polish Polpress Press Agency based in Moscow. ZPP conducted propaganda (the press body “Wolna Polska”), social care (he took over Polish orphanages, houses of disabled people and old people), educational and cultural work. In July 1944, the General Board of the ZPP formally submitted to the National Council (National Council) and participated in the establishment of the Polish National Liberation Committee (National Liberation Committee). In 1944–1946 ZPP resettled Poles and Jews from the USSR to Poland.
ZPP ceased operations in August 1946.
"CREATE SZTANDER AND fresh VIEWS"
"New Widnokręgi" – initially a monthly magazine, then a two-week socio-literary, authoritative organ of the Communist Union of russian Writers, published from the turn of February and March to June 1941 in occupied by the ZSRS Lviv (called by the Lviv Jająska Bolshevika), later from 1943 at Stalin's command the organ of the Union of Polish Patriots, under the editorial board of Wanda Vasilewska.
In these pages they published their works, among others, Mieczysław Jastrun, Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Leon Pasternak, Tadeusz Peiper, Julian Przyboś, Jerzy Putrament (an NKVD agent from before 1939), Adam Ważyk, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński(!), Janina Broniewska, Zofia Dzierżyna (communist activist, teacher, wife Felix Dzerzhinsky), Adolf Bromberg, Julia Brystygier – “Krwa Luna” (p.m. NKWD), Aleksander Dan, Emil Dziedzic, Halina Górska, Stefan Jędrychowski, Witold Kolski, Karol Kuryluk, Stanisław Wasylewski, Roman Werfel, Jerzy Pomianowski.
The scripture existed until 1946.
"Red Flag", a regular paper of the Ukrainian Front Political Board – published in Polish in Lviv, appearing from October 5, 1939 until the aggression of the 3rd Reich at the USSR – June 22, 1941 and the end of the first russian business of Lviv.
The print of the Red Flag was 40,000 copies. Editors-in-chief were J. A. Mańkowski and J. Markiewicz, from April 1941 E. W. Radecki. His lyrics were published in: Wanda Vasilewska, Julian Stryjkowski, Leon Chwistek, Władysław Broniewski, Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Janina Broniewska (wife of Władysław Broniewska – during the period Stalinism 1 of the prominent characters Association of Polish Literaries acting as Secretary there POPPZPR. She was a promoter. socrealism, having a large influence on the cultural life of Poland), Lucjan Szenwald, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński .
BURZA ACTION AND WARSZAW
In October 1944 the Organization Committee of Polish Jews was established at the Union of Polish Patriots. On July 29, 1944, the Union of Polish Patriots appealed to the Warsawians via Moscow radio calling on the Warsaw population to emergence against the Germans.
The messages in the slanted Polish language, which was a repetition of this broadcast, were besides broadcast 4 times on July 30, 1944, at 15:00, 20.55, 21:55, and 23:00 Moscow radio station named after Tadeusz Kościuszko.
In October 1943, General General Kazimierz Sosnkowski ordered the start of preparations for an open fight against Germany. In view of the expected repression by the Soviets and the threat of the Communist occupation, the Home Army troops after the German business were to go back to the conspiracy. The successor of General “Grota” as commander of the AK General Tadeusz Komorowski “Bór” challenged Sosnkowski’s order and presented a different concept under the codename “Burza”. She assumed that the Home Army would occupy Polish areas in the fight against the Red Army under the force of Germany, then uncover the branches of the Home Army and the administrative apparatus of the government delegation and talk to the russian authorities as the host of Polish lands. Despite the awareness of the hazard and cognition of the russian policy towards Poland, the “Burza” plan was another expression of the goodwill of Poles towards the USSR. Possible hostile moves against the sovereign Polish authorities were thought to meet the protest of Western Allies. The Red Army crossed the pre-war border of the Republic of Poland on 4 January 1944 in Volyn. In March 27 Volynska Infantry Division together with russian troops fought Germany in the Kowla area. During the struggles, she suffered dense losses (Lt. John Wojciech Kiwerski, “Oliwa”), but managed to escape from the German lap to Lublin. The crowning of the “Burza” was the action “The Sharp Gate” or the impact on Vilnius commanded by Colonel Alexander Krzyżanowski.
After a fewer days the Soviets arrested and sent Colonel Alexander Krzyżanowski and his officers to the camp. The Home Army soldiers were disarmed, arrested and sent deep into the Gulag camps by the Soviets.
The failure of “Burzy” and the approach of the Red Army to Warsaw forced the authorities of the underground Poland to make fresh decisions. General Tadeusz Komorowski "Bór" pressed by the chief of staff of General Tadeusz Pełczyński, Colonel Leopold Okulicki, stated that in the face of the direct threat of Poland's independency by the USSR, already forming communist centres of power based in Lublin, the last chance of defending Polish rights is to release Warsaw from the hands of Germans and to presume power in the city by civilian management of underground Poland. It was believed that in the name of the defence of Poland's independency the hazard of uprising in Warsaw should be taken, especially as it was expected to aid allies of the United Kingdom and the United States.
AK commander ordered the start of the fight for Warsaw on 1 August 1944 at 5 p.m. (the alleged "W" hour). Gen. “Bór” acted with the approval of the government, but without the command of the Chief Leader.
However, the AK management has been informed that it will not receive any expected weapons drop assistance from Western allies.
The sacrifice of the Warsaw insurgents, their heroism in the fight for independency of the Homeland passed into the historical national memory and thus far crowns the glorious memory of all national uprisings, fulfilling the Sienkiewicz's invocation “To refresh the hearts” of the importance of tradition to establish national awareness.
Documents, sources, quotations:
- “From independency to Independence”, Adam Dziurok, Marek Gałęzowski, Łukasz Kamiński,
“Three national uprisings”, Stefan Kieniewicz, Andrzej Zahorski, Władysław Zajewski,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Widnokr%C4%99gi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Standar_%28periodic_in_Polish%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Patriot%C3%B3w_Polish
http://www.tworca.org/Chapter15.html
