The emergence of the november genesis of the uprising,

LISTOPED APPROACH

THE GENEZ OF RESISTANCE,

After the fall of the November Uprising, Emperor Nicholas I Romanov said: “I do not know if there will be any more Poland, but I am certain that there will be no Poles.”

Pope Gregory XVI condemned the outbreak as a rebellion against the “legal power of the Tsar”.

The causes of the outbreak of November should be seen in the situation that prevailed in Western Europe prior to its outbreak. The wave of national liberation battles, which "converted" across Europe, and the effects of crop failure in 1830 resulted in the raising of the Polish liberation banner. The regaining of independency by Greeks in 1829, Belgians in 1830 and the outbreak of revolution in France caused the revolutionary temper to prevail in Warsaw.

The increase of dissatisfaction in the Kingdom of Poland with the regulation of Tsar Mikołaj I (the violation of the constitution, the introduction of censorship) and the Grand Duke of Constant (the introduction of corporal penalties) caused the Warsaw people to act against the Tsarian army. The manifestos began to be organized.

The collegiate insurrection was founded in 1828 by the Infantry Under illness School, which set itself the mark of an armed uprising. Lieutenant Piotr Wysocki headed the organization. The decisive minute for the start of armed action was the threat of the detection of the organization and plans of Tsar Nicholas I to usage the Polish Kingdom army to suppress freedom movements in Western Europe.

EXPLOSION

The armed uprising began on the evening of 29 November with an assault on Belvedere. The intent of this action was to assassinate Grand Duke of Constant. another troops were tasked with attacking barracks where Russian soldiers were present. The rush and misunderstanding made the plan fail. The Grand Duke of Constanty has escaped. A group of embroiled officers and subjects operated without a wider background. However, thanks to the support of the Warsaw people Arsenal and Warsaw managed to master. The armies of Grand Duke of Constant left the capital, retreating to Wierzbno. The night of November showed the strength and patriotism of the Warsaw plebs, who decided to win.

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

The Patriotic Society was set up on 1 December, demanding war on the Russian troops in the Kingdom. Historian Joachim Lelewel headed. Under the force of the Patriotic Society, the Provisional Government was formed with Adam Czartoryski. Negotiations with the Grand Duke of Constanty ended with provisions that Polish troops stationed next to him would return to Warsaw and the Grand Duke of Constanty and the Russian troops would leave the borders of Poland.

On 5 December, Józef Chodzicki declared himself dictator and began negotiations with the Tsar. His postulate was the commitment of Mikołaj I to respect the Constitution and extend it to the lands of Poland. The car refused these demands and demanded unconditional surrender of Warsaw. As a result, Józef Chodzicki resigned.

The consequence of Józef Boyzicki's dictatorship was a weakening of the momentum of the uprising and a extinguishing of patriotism among the people of Warsaw. At the end of January, the Sejm entrusted the leadership of the fresh Interim Government .

On 25 January 1831, the Sejm announced the dethronement of Tsar Nicholas I and the Romanov dynasty. The articles on the union with Russia have ceased to apply.

The ultimate authority rested in the hands of the Sejm. The parliament besides included delegates from Lithuania and Ukraine. Poland was considered a constitutional monarchy.

POLITICAL DIRECTIONS

The key to triumph in the November uprising was to combine peasant interests successfully with national affairs. This issue has not been resolved radically in any political camp. The Conservatives, led by Adam Czartoryski, were opponents of any change and of the uprising itself. They hoped to support the European powers, especially Austria. The Left Patriotic Society took a different stance. They were supporters of the liberation movement and of giving land to peasant soldiers. They demanded the abolition of the serenity. They saw future Poland as a republic providing democratic freedom. They wanted to call the peasants into arms. On the another hand, the right wing of the Patriotic Society was a supporter of peasants and the monarchy-constitutional system, did not consider war with the national movement.

POLSKO – RUSSIAN WAR

The consequence of the outbreak of the November Uprising and the dethronement of Tsar Mikołaj I was the Polish-Russian War, which began in early February 1831. An army of about 115 1000 led by Ivan Dybich entered the territory of the Polish Kingdom, facing it was the Polish army of little than 50 thousand. Ivan Dybicz's goal was to win Warsaw and to end the war quickly. Poles decided to defend themselves in front of the capital. On 14 February, General Józef Dwernicki defeated enemy troops at Stoczki. This triumph was only moral due to the fact that it did not halt the Russian offensive. It was only broken by the conflict of Olszynka Grochowska (25 II 1831) as a consequence of which Polish troops withdrew under the fortifications of Prague, and Ivan Dybicz gave up further assault, due to dense losses.

ALSHINKA GROCHOVA

After the triumph at Olszynka Grochowska, General Jan Skrzynecki became the commander-in-chief of the military. There's a period of military mobilization. Many volunteers from another occupations joined the army. An uprising broke out in Zmuda, which gave emergence to liberation movements in Lithuania and Belarus.

An crucial function in the uprising was played by the large strategical talent of Ignacy Prądzyński, who created a counteroffensive plan for Poles and in 14 days the White-Reds won the battles of Wawrem and Demb Wielki and Igania. The situation began to change in the spring, as the ranks of troops left the peasant soldiers, who accused the nobility of the situation. The defeat ended with the conflict of Ostrołęka (26 May), caused by the inept command of Jan Skrzyneck. The passive attitude of the commander of Poles allowed Russians to decision the troops calmly to Warsaw.

ENTRY

The expanding danger and expensiveness in the capital caused large manifestations on 15 August. Manifestists demanded change in government and leadership by the left. Jan Krukowicki took over, who sought to negociate with the enemy and to surrender. On September 6, there was an attack on Warsaw led by General Ivan Paskiewicz.

The decisive fight was fought for the Will, which was defended by General Józef Sowiński. The act of surrender came on 8 September. On that day, there were inactive respective tens of thousands of soldiers ready to fight, much more than at the outbreak. However, the generalization rushed to the end of the fight. The November Uprising ended on 21 October 1831.

The defeat of the November Uprising was due to the passive attitude of the commanders, the failure to carry out social reforms (a peasant case), the advantage of Russian numbers, the deficiency of assistance from Western European countries and the fact that it did not cover all Polish lands.

SITUATION AFTER THE FALLING OF THE LETTER. GRAND EMIGRATION

The November Uprising yet collapsed on 21 October 1831 erstwhile the fortress of Zamość capitulated. Thousands of insurgents were forced to flee the repression of emigration. Most of the officers and Privates of the insurgent army were forced by Austrian and Prussian authorities to return to the territory of the Polish Kingdom. Upon their return, they were forced to join the Tsar army for 25 years.

For the further wander, referred to as “Great Emigration”, mainly politicians, insurgent officers and people of culture and art went – a full of about 10 1000 people. They went mainly to France, Belgium and large Britain. German and Italian states, under force from Russia, mostly refused to take refuge. Regardless of the policy of the authorities, the people of European countries treated the November insurgents with friendships and clearly demonstrated their support for their cause.

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE INVESTIGATION

After the defeat of the November Uprising, all 3 invaders – Russia, Prussia and Austria – intensified the force on Poles. Although the Tsarska amnesty was announced to the participants in the uprising in late 1831 , the leading participants of the uprising were excluded from it. At the same time, major changes in the strategy of the Kingdom of Poland were introduced.

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland of 1815 was abolished and replaced in 1832 by the alleged Organic Statute, limiting the separateness of the Kingdom of Poland. According to the provisions of the Organic Statute, separate coronation (cara was abolished as king of Poland), the Sejm and the Polish army were abolished. The Council of State (also composed mostly of Russians) and the Administrative Board were left behind, but their powers were limited.

The Polish language was formally preserved as an authoritative language, as well as Polish civilian and criminal law. Theoretically, civilian liberties have besides been retained, but in practice the provisions of the Organic Statute relating to them have never entered into force, as in 1833 martial law was declared for 25 years (later extended respective times).

The Emperor was given full legislative power. He was straight represented by the politician of the Kingdom, to whom the conqueror of Warsaw,feldmarszał Ivan Paskiewicz-Erywański, was appointed. In the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, a 100,000-strong business army was deployed, maintained from local taxes.

Its main garrison was built in 1832-1834 at the expense of the city of Citadel Aleksandrowska (then called the Warsaw Citadel). In addition to its garrison functions, it besides served as a political prison for participants of the November Uprising and the seat of the alleged Permanent Committee of Investigation – 1 of the institutions liable for repression in the Kingdom of Poland. They served in the Russian army.

Gradually, the legal strategy was unified with Russia. In 1837, a improvement of administrative division was carried out, replacing the state with provinces. From 1839 the language of the Council of State became Russian, although 2 years later the Council of State was liquidated. In 1847 the Russian penal code was introduced in the Kingdom of Poland.

CULTURAL INSURANCE

As part of the repression following the November Uprising, universities in Warsaw and Vilnius (located in the area straight incorporated into Russia) were closed, as well as many another educational institutions (such as Krzemieniecki advanced School). Although the Polish language has inactive been maintained in schools, action has been taken, for now limited, towards its mark rusification. In 1839 supervision of the schooling was transferred to St. Petersburg. The Society of Friends of discipline was besides liquidated, and his collections were taken to Russia.

As a consequence of the November Uprising, many leading representatives of Polish culture were on emigration. They left for the West, including Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Cyprian Kamil Norwid and Fryderyk Chopin. Their patriotic publications were banned by the Tsarist authorities. For this reason, literary works of emigration artists went secretly to Poland. The period of tightened censorship is commonly referred to as "paskiewicz night" (from the name of the governor).

The Roman Catholic Church, and especially its Greek Catholic (unite) faction, have besides been affected. Most Catholic monasteries were abolished in the Russian Empire, and in 1839 a merger of the Greek Catholic Church in Russia with the Moscow Patriarchate was forced.

ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHICAL INSURANCE

The November Uprising had very serious consequences for the economy of the Kingdom of Poland. The war itself has led to serious damage. However, the most severe burden for the economy was the repressive moves of the invaders. The Polish Kingdom was consecrated in a immense amount of 22 million rubles for those times. The assets of the participants of the uprising (mainly Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine) were confiscated and were mostly transferred to Russian dignitaries.

As part of the repression, a fresh customs policy was introduced for trade between Poland and Russia. Customs duties on Russian goods imported to Poland were reduced to symbolic values. In turn, Polish goods exported to Russia were covered by high, reaching 16% of the duties. This policy lowered the competitiveness of Polish manufacture (especially textile), mostly oriented towards exports to Russia.

In the village, peasants were treated alternatively of serfdom. This had a side effect, since many peasants were incapable to pay excessive rent and were being rejected from the lands cultivated so far.

As part of the general rusification of the administrative strategy in the Kingdom of Poland, in the late 1930s and 1940s the Russian monetary system, weight and measurement was introduced.

A serious blow to the people of the Kingdom of Poland was the Russian army's bringing cholera epidemics. It decimated the population, evidently having an impact on the economical situation. By fate, the victim of the same epidemic was the large Duke of Constanta, who died of cholera in Vitebsk, on 27 June 1831.

REPRESENTATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE PRUSS AND AUSTRIACK NETWORKS

The another 2 invaders (Austria and Prussia) besides intensified repression in their territories. In the Prussian partition, the assets of the participants of the November Uprising were confiscated and extended Germanization action was undertaken. For this purpose, in 1832, German was made an exclusive authoritative language in Wielkopolska.

Also in Galicia (Austrian occupation) the Germanization force increased. After the November Uprising, the number of troops in the area was increased and the regulation of panic was brought in. In 1833, Austria concluded an agreement with Russia (which was then joined by Prussia) in Münchengrätz (Mnicovo Hradišt’), providing for a joint fight against Polish independence. It was besides decided to limit (until the gradual liquidation) the independency of the Republic of Krakow, whose sovereignty was imposed by the alleged Conference of Residents. From 1836 to 1841 the Krakow Republic was subjected to Austrian-Russian occupation.

INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTION

In the first half of the 19th century, Russia, as 1 of the members of the alleged Holy Covenant, was in warrant of the conservative political order established at the Vienna Congress. For this reason, Russian troops have repeatedly intervened in various European countries to suppress local revolutionary speeches. The Russian authorities, seriously afraid about the July Revolution in France and the independency uprising in Belgium, intended to intervene in those countries. The November Uprising crossed out these plans, tying the core of the Russian army in Poland for many months. This has contributed greatly to the triumph of the July Revolution and Belgium's gaining and maintaining independence.

Bibliography

– “Three national uprisings” Stefan Kieniewicz, Andrzej Zakorski, Władysław Zajewski

Book and Knowledge, Warsaw 1992.

Documents, quotations, sources

http://www.edulandia.pl/education/1,124764,6535071,Rising_November____causes__run_i_effects.html

http://www.edulandia.pl/education/1,124746,678455, Effect_Rising_November.html#ixzz4RWnE7LVS