Popular Policy Model: Political Speech Part 3

Attributes of voice, accent and dialect

In politics, the alleged “pharmaceutical” plays a crucial role. paralanguage, which includes 3 groups of non-verbal voice elements: vocal characteristics, vocal characteristics (e.g. laughter or sobbing), and sounds separating words (e.g. ‘uh’, ‘um’, sighing, whistle). The erstwhile group is besides called voice attributes. The most crucial of these is the volume, the strength of the human voice. It is her decision whether individual is heard or not. As a consequence of stress, the voice of a individual can drop significantly, which frequently leads to annoyment of listeners. Another attribute is tone. Emotional communication results in a higher tonality than appropriate for the modal voice scope of a given person, and talking about facts usually leads to monotonous speech, having a narrow tonation range. The velocity of speech is equally important. And so, as it rises to 275-300 words per minute, the clarity of the message decreases, but if in turn the pace is besides slow, the listeners cease to focus on the speaking person. Smoothness of speech is besides very crucial and it is definitely 1 of the key issues. Durability in turn is an attribute that is frequently treated as a component of the pace and is liable for the time needed by the talker so that this can air a given sound[1].

In 1968, David W. Addington conducted detailed studies on audience perception of voice color. In this way it turned out that people with a “colourless” monotonous voice are seen as men, cold, withdrawn and slow. In turn, a hoarse female voice is associated with conceit and a nasal voice with numerous, very undesirable individual features. Rhythmicity may be desired or not, depending on the communication context. Articulation, on the another hand, should be accurate so that the words spoken do not give emergence to doubt, and the pronunciation must be consistent with widespread use, as incorrect speech can undermine the credibility of the communicator[2]. Ronald Reagan was a politician who had a very good diction (which unfortunately cannot be said about texts). As a erstwhile radio broadcaster, the president of the United States was hudging his speeches on Saturday broadcasts. Being besides a erstwhile actor, during public talks or on television, Reagan spoke with memory or utilized peculiar readers. Despite many material flaws (mostly erstwhile he spontaneously added something outside of the text of the speech), the form of his text was usually highly appreciated[3].

Interestingly, in both Polish and English, many attributes have a strong influence on each other, for example, an increase in the rate of speech can lead to articular centralization and reduction. In turn, the importance of another attributes increases with the degree of complexity of the message, the existence of syntax ambiguities or erstwhile processing is somewhat hampered. This includes, for example, intonation[4]. rather interesting investigation in 1996 was conducted by Judee K. Burgoon, who proved that persuasion communication was not only quality and substantive value, but besides a way of presenting information[5]. Therefore, if strong arguments are supported by the alleged strong message (variable modulation of voice, fluidity of speech, appropriate usage of gestures and appropriate eye contact), the effectiveness of persuasion is multiplied. However, if the same transmission is combined with weak arguments, the performance of a given occurrence usually does not increase. Interestingly, many studies (led, among others, by W. Barnett Pearce, Judee K. Burgoon and others) have selected 2 persuasion-effective presentation styles: conversational and dynamic. The characteristics of the erstwhile are: low voice tone, slower speech rate, lower volume and tiny variation of the mentioned characteristics. This kind is judged by listeners as sincere, social and professional, inspiring sympathy and trust. Dynamic kind in turn is an alternative, equally effective form of persuasional speech and is characterized by a faster pace, a higher speech of voice, increased volume and differentiation of the listed features. However, in a situation where listeners do not measure the credibility of a given policy and do not belong to its electorate, the conversational kind will have better effects. another studies showed akin results. For example, Albert Mehrabian and Martin Williams in 1969 demonstrated that the talker gained credibility due to longer eye contact, average relaxation, increased usage of gestures, expressive mimicry, comparatively low number of self-touch behaviors and little distance towards listeners[6].

One of the politicians who successfully implemented voice emanation lessons was the leader of the Canadian improvement organization Preston Manning. His treatments somewhat improved the image of politics and to any degree increased the support of the electorate for his party. Unfortunately, the program of the group itself was seen as highly populist and conservative, but inactive the organization became the second largest force in the parliament, and Manning himself became the leader of the opposition[7]. Another well-known example of the transformation of the leader's image is Margaret Thatcher, whose destiny was closely followed by Max Atkinson in his book Our Master’s Voices. The Iron woman at the beginning of her career had a alternatively unpleasant, advanced speech of voice. During 1 gathering with image advisors, it was recognised that this feature could strengthen negative stereotypes saying that women are more emotional and little logical than men. Thus, an teacher was hired to make a vocal training program based on peculiar “screaming” exercises aimed at permanently lowering her modal tone. After intensive work, her voice was reduced by 46 Hz, almost half of the average difference between female and male tons[8].

President George H. W. Bush underwent a akin metamorphosis. But before he began intensive training with specialists, he spoke with a muted voice, his pace of speech increased to over 200 words per minute (e.g. during a debate with Geraldine Ferraro), he besides allowed him to be interrupted repeatedly. His deficiency of fluidity of speaking was frequently parodied[9]. What could experts have advised him to do in specified a situation? First of all, it is to talk clearly and clearly, formulating simple and short sentences. It was highly crucial during the speech to train appropriate breathing, to usage modular possibilities and to improve articulation. It was surely not little crucial to spread pauses and improve the rate of speech[10].

Other alternatively interesting issues are: accent and dialect politics. The accent is an component that plays a peculiar function in Anglo-Saxon countries, far more crucial than in Poland. The most interesting examples in this respect can be seen in the US and the UK, as the standard accents in most another Anglo-Saxon countries borrow much from the pronunciation of these 2 countries (e.g. the standard accent in Australia derives from this from South-East England[11], Canadian is closer to American accent). However, the regulation is usually the same – for many years the standard for a given country: accents and dialects are used, among others, by political elites and until late they were a determinant of belonging to them.

For example, according to researchers, in the United States, speakers who usage a common American dialect in combination with a standard accent are considered more competent and knowledgeable. General American[12] (also known as Network American, GenAm, GAm, GAm)[13]. It may be interesting that this accent is much more conservative than the current standard British pronunciation and, unlike it, has much to do with the 17th and 18th century English language[14]. In addition, in many countries in the planet there is an Americanization of accents of English and the borrowing of vocabulary characteristic of a group of dialects under the collective name American English[15].

In the UK, the standard pronunciation is Contemporary Received Pronunciation – a household of accents consisting mainly of: Upper Crust of RP/Oxford RP/Refined RP, Conservative RP/Advanced RP/King’s or Queen’s Speech, Oxford English, Mainstream RP/General RP/BBC English, Regional RP/Adopted RP, Quasi-RP and Near-RP)[16]. With Poland the most common dialect is present United Kingdom Standard English (UKSE). It is worth noting that the perception of pronunciation in the UK and in the United States is fundamentally different, and this is historically dependent. This discrepancy is based on a profoundly rooted stratification of the United Kingdom population, which does not take place overseas[17]. many noble and royal titles do not let the British public forget their differences. inactive visible divisions segregate the population to any degree into better and worse groups, which then contributes to mutual, subconscious antagonisation. As a result, the situation clearly affects the abrasion of many accents straight identified with the social classes concerned. Not without reason British leaders pay far more attention to their accent than their counterparts from overseas. The insult of any voters by its excessively "aristocratic" pronunciation would be a very undesirable thing during the election campaign. Many politicians in the Islands who have changed their regional accents for policy needs, often, depending on, for example, the level of stress, erstwhile talk with a more standard accent, another time with a regional accent. The Americans have a somewhat smaller problem in this respect. A good example of the pronunciation behind the ocean is George W. Bush, who always spoke with an accent on clear and distinctive Texas noses, while not losing popularity[18]. However, Jimmy Carter had already tried to make any usage of the accent issue in the 1976 election campaign. utilizing his confederate eloquence, he convinced voters from his “states”: “Is it not time for us to yet elect a president speaking without an accent[19]‘?’

What are the differences between standards General American and Contemporary Received Pronunciation? It's rather crucial that in the accent GenAm do not separate between vowels as carefully as in British Poland, and it is primarily influenced by the alleged "surrounding", i.e. the presence of another neighbouring sounds, than the regulation of pronunciation, as such. Another interesting issue is the pronunciation of the alleged "short o" /ɒ/. In British standard Poland words box, both, job, knowledge or non-profit read [bɒks], [bɒðə], [dʒɒb], [nɒlɪdʒ] and [nɒn prɒfɪt][20]. In pronunciation General American the sound is changed to /ɑ:/ and so the pronunciation of these words takes the following form: [b]ɑ:ks], [bɑ:ðər], [dʒ]ɑ:b], [nɑAnd [n]ɑedɑ:fɪt][21]. In turn in many words, where in Poland appears /ɑ:/, in accent GenAm We're going to hear about it. laugh [l]ɑ:f‖læf], bath [b]ɑ:f‖bæf][22], can’t [k]ɑ:nt‖kænt], mask [m]ɑ:sk‖mæsk], Advance [ədvɑ:ns‖ədvæns] [23].

Another aspect worth attention is the British one, which in the American pronunciation sounds like the American one.ɑ:/. As a result, specified as: masturbation, amateur, amateur, amateur, amateur or thought read: [wɔ:k‖w]ɑ:k], [ɔ:təm‖]ɑ:təm], [ɔ:θə‖]ɑ:θər], [dɔ:tə‖dɑ:tər] and [θɔ:t‖θ]ɑ:t][24]. In turn the characteristic "American r" appears not only in the above mentioned Bother, Daughter is autohor, but besides in many another words, and above all where in pronunciation Poland "Long" vowels or sound appear shwa (e.g. start [st]ɑ:t‖stɑ:rt], car [k]ɑ♪ I don't know ♪ɑ:r], Near [nɪə‖nɪr], caregiver [nз:s‖nзrs], force [fɔ:s‖fɔ:rs], north [nɔ:θ‖norθ], Cure [kjʊə‖kjʊr])[25]. W General American The difference between /ɪ/ and /ə/, e.g. Rabbit [ræbɪt‖ræbət], requested [citation needed]ɑ:ntəd], watches I'm sorry.[26].

It is besides rather interesting to see the ratio of island diftong to American /o/ in words specified as: joke [dʒəʊdʊoʊk], Goat [gəʊtʊt], know [nəʊ‖noʊ][27]. W General American The alleged 1 is besides rather common. yod-dropping, or omission of sound /j/ in words specified as e.g. Tune, reduces, knot, as well as frequent pronouncement of sound /ʃ/ as /ʒ/, e.g. Asia [eɪʃə‖eɪʒə], version [vз:ʃn‖vз:rʒn]. And although the differences between the 2 accents are inactive many, the above seem to be the most characteristic.

As already mentioned, both accents (RP, GenAm) are seen in their countries as setting a standard[28]. Any deviations from them are so considered to be non-standard elements. However, GenAm can be regarded as a circumstantial "democratic" as it does not evoke pejorative associations with the elite or group in power, Contemporary Received Pronunciation born in the face of strong hierarchy of social ladders[29] and became the same elite accent maintaining the phosylization of the erstwhile class strategy in Britain[30]. In society it is perceived as a determinant of correct pronunciation and accent of the rich and educated[31] Even though it has evolved and adapted to the ever-changing planet for decades[32].

Now, thanks to pauperizing trends in society, Poland is undergoing a process of thorough "democratisation", which straight involves the acquisition of many features of accents perceived so far as being non-standard and closely related to the working class. Politicians who intend to gain the support of the working class should usually adjust their pronunciation to the “accent of the street” (but they should do so with a large sense that the “artificial” accent is not ridiculed or parodyd by listeners). The following politicians worked on their accent: Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, Chancellor of Treasury George Osborne or Labour organization leader Ed Miliband. Interestingly, even any American leaders have tempted to adjust their accent to those from another parts of the United States. These were, among others, Vice president Joe Biden or known for their large skills in this area Hillary Clinton[33].

One of the main “competitions” Poland is gaining in fresh years a advanced popularity accent (and dialect) Cockney[34]. many features of the second penetrate into the standard English pronunciation, which then, in its hybrid form, is frequently utilized by British businessmen and politicians. The most crucial component of this accent is glistening[35], utilized in words specified as: water [in:ʔə], cat [‘kæʔt], be city [sɪʔɪi] [36]. An equally interesting feature is the monophonization of diftong /aʊ/, e.g. the word mouth is pronounced [mæf], [mæθ] or [ma:f]. His standard pronunciation Poland it would in turn sound [maʊθ]. Another interesting but frequently stigmatized component on the way of British education is the so-called. h-dropping. . . . . . .[37]which occurs at the beginning of words specified as[38]: hate, hold, hoax, hat be hair[39]. However, there are exceptions to this rule, specified as e.g. hospitalwhere the first /h/ is pronounced[40]. Termination Cockney is besides characterized by alleged dark /l/ (or low /l/), dark The consequence of the full vocalization of this sound. As a result, in terms specified as milk, middle, usual, wall sounds are pronounced /ʊ/ or /o/. Omission /g/ (g-dropping) follows a akin rule to that of /h/ and can be observed, for example, in words: single [‘sɪŋɪn], Talking [tɔ:kɪn]. simplification [nt] is besides applied (nt-reduction), e.g. want it [‘in the], tweezers [‘Twelves][41]. Another feature is the so-called. th-fronting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[42] Consonants /f/ and /v/, as in the following words: three [fri], brother [bʌvə], bath [b]ɑ:f][43]. Sound /ð/ is besides subject to the alleged phenomenon. th-stopping and erstwhile it occurs at the beginning of a given word, it changes to /d/, e.g. the [də], this [s]. We should besides mention the open sound of shwa /ə/, e.g. dinner [‘dɪnɐ], marrow [‘mærɐ][44]. Though the accent Cockney is made up of many another features[45], these are the basis utilized by politicians to modify their pronunciation[46].

As a consequence of the “shock” Poland and Cockney, a fresh creation called Estuary English (d.o. English Interprets), besides referred to as New London Voice. A combination of elements Received Pronunciation and Cockney, may shortly become a fresh standard pronunciation, or importantly affect future improvement Poland[47]. Estuary English It has the characteristics of both accents, but the choice of their proportion is mostly left to the talker (so-called code shifting or code switching)[48]. New London Voice is so considered the most serious "democratic competitor" standard Poland.

The main feature of the hybrid Cockney and Poland is dark /l/, though not so expressive[49] as with Cockney. In words like e.g. Pool and full so the sound /ɫ/ is used[50]. Glaciation-induced laryngeal shortness gradually becomes a standard feature. This applies primarily to any words[51], for example little, Gatwick, Scotland, network[52]. alternatively of pronunciation /t/, /p/ or /k/, it is there.[53]. The omission of /j/ [54]. In addition to the above-mentioned characteristics, New London Voice it has no more permanent characteristics and its character is based on mixing the pronunciation elements of 2 accents: the standard and the characteristic working class. This means that people utilizing Estuary English can say most of the words in 2 ways, depending on the context and temper of the speaker[55]. New London Voice Britain now has a increasing number of supporters[56] and it may besides become a basic standard in the UK salons in the future[57].

John C. Wells, an undisputed authority in the field of phonetics, described rather well the example of Prime Minister Tony Blair's pronunciation:

Tony Blair's accent is clearly more vocal erstwhile the Prime Minister appears on popular tv shows specified as the Des O’Connor Show than erstwhile he gives a political speech. Tony Blair shows large flexibility in this respect, which is definitely his strong suit. An accent of a individual is like a badge that you wear and tells people who they're dealing with. If individual is flexible, they have this advantage, that they can fit into many different social groups[58][59].

Interestingly, Tony Blair spoke mainly in the standard accent for the first years of his reign. Poland. It was only after any time that the image specialists advised him to make a more "energy" vigorous) pronunciation, falling into national fashion on accent Cockney[60]. As Prime Minister Blair could not, like Bill Clinton, gain the support of voters by telling stories about a hard childhood, nor could he, like Barack Obama, emphasize his low birth, so he agreed to the expert's recommendations and began to usage elements of the London working class accent.

In the Prime Minister's speech[61] Then the glotalization occurred[62] (e.g. thaʔ, no polytician, that, taking. In the Prime Minister's speech, 1 could see the omission of /g/ (e.g., everythin’, kangin’, gettin’), although there were no full consequences (e.g., somethiŋ, doiŋ). many omissions of the sound /h/ (e.g. to _ave done) have besides become visible. Tony Blair besides began utilizing colloquial abbreviated forms, so-called. Condensed projection. In any words the Prime Minister utilized dark /l/ (post-vocalic /l/), in others there was a standard pronunciation (e.g. people)[63]. In the case of intonation and accentuation of words, according to Estuary English[64] the top emphasis frequently began to be placed on prepositions and auxiliary verbs (e.g. I know lots of people, many, many people, who are people not of religion ‘at all). However, grammatical sentences frequently differed importantly from non-standard Cockney. Vocabulary has besides remained typical of UKSE[65].

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A fragment of the monograph entitled Model Politics Popular in Anglo-Saxon Countries was published
Author: Paweł Rogalinski
Jagiellonian University Publishing House
Number of pages: 416

—

[1] E. Głażewska, U. Kusio, Nonverbal communications. sex and culture, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytet Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin 2012, p. 69.

[2] The president Communication..., op. cit., pp. 193-195.

[3] The president U.S. presidents in anecdote. From Truman..., op. cit., p. 224.

[4] The president Structure and intonation of the Polish Task Dialogue, Adam Mickiewicz University technological Publishing home in Poznań, Poznań 2006, pp. 25-26.

[5] D. Buller, J. Burgoon, Interpersonal Deception explanation [in:] E. Griffin (ed.), A First Look at Communication Theory, McGraw-Hill Companies, fresh York 2006, pp. 99-101.

[6] S. W. Orzechowski, Non-language communication and credibility, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytet Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin 2007, pp. 71-72.

[7] The president Canadian political parties: market-oriented or ideological slagbrains? [in:] D. G. Lilleker, J. Lees-Marshment (ed.), Political..., op. cit.p. 62.

[8] The president Communication..., op. cit., pp. 240-241.

[9] The president Communication..., op. cit., p. 257.

[10] R. Neumann, A. Ross, Code..., op. cit., p. 144.

[11] B. Moore, Speaking our Language: the communicative of Australian English, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 2008, p. 69.

[12] It should be stressed that it is not monolith and can be described as a group of accents.

[13] The president Description Grammar, typescript, Łódź 2006, Handout 1.

[14] T. Nevalainen, I. Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Standardization. [in:] R. Hogg, D. Denison (ed.), A past of the English Langauage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, p. 309.

[15] Mr Stockwell, Socialistics: A resource book for students, Routlege, London and fresh York 2002, p. 21.

[16] See also: Mr Rogalinski, British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English, self-publishing, Łódź 2011, p. 5.

[17] Although slavery in the Islands was abolished in 1807, while in the US it was not until 1865, in terms of conventional stratification of society the United Kingdom is definitely leading.

[18] G. Hartley, M. Karinch, Manipulation Manual, Bellona Publishing House, Warsaw 2011, pp. 100-101.

[19] The president U.S. presidents in anecdote. From Truman..., op. cit. p. 184.

[20] A. Hughes, P. Trudgill, D. Watt, English Accents and dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Variety of English in the British Isles, Hodder Arnold Education, Chatham 2005, p. 49.

[21] There are besides words in both accents pronounced utilizing /ɑ:/, for example large, start, father.

[22] First, transcription is pronunciation Poland, the second in GenAm.

[23]General American vs. Received Pronunciation, http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/, [access date: 12.06.2015].

[24] S. Dimitrov, British and American Pronunciation, http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/sd10.pdf, [date of access: 12.06.2015].

[25] J. C. Wells, Accents of English 1: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, London 1992, p. 123.

[26] Mr Rogalinski, Management... op. cit., pp. 22-23.

[27] J. C. Wells, Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge University Press, London 1986, p. XIX.

[28] J. C. Wells, Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation? [in:] C. Medina, P. Soto (ed.), II Jornadas de Estudios Ingleses, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén 1997, p. 19.

[29] The president Estuary English and RP: any fresh Findings, English Studies Posnaniensia, Poznań 2001, nr 36, p. 35.

[30] B. Collins, M. I. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and fresh York 2008, p. 224.

[31] Mr Stockwell, Sociolinguistics... op. cit., p. 39.

[32] The president Models and Myth: Updating the (Non)standard Accents [in:] K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, J. Przedlacka (ed.), English Projection Models: A Changing Scene, Peter Lang, Bern 2005, p. 23.

[33] Mr Rothwell, Has Ed Miliband changed his accent to get electricity?, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ed-miliband/11573271/Has-Ed-Miliband-changed-his-accent-to-get-elected.html, [date of access: 12.06.2015].

[34] W. Liwarowski, The usage and social importance of Cockney in G. B. Shaw’s ‘Pygmalion’, Master's thesis, University of Lodz, typescript, Łódź 1966, p. 4.

[35] It is followed by many homophons, e.g. like and Light.

[36] J. C. Wells, Accents of English 1 ..., op. cit., p. 302.

[37]Cockney English, http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CockneyEnglish.html, [date of access: 12.06.2015].

[38] As in the case of glotalization, there are besides many homophons, e.g. heart and Article are pronounced [‘ɑ:ʔ]

[39] Mr Rogalinski, Language analysis of translations of statements by English-speaking politicians in the context of their effectiveness in political marketing, Master's thesis, University of Lodz, typoscript, Łódź 2011, pp. 42-44.

[40] B. Collins, M. I. Mees, Practical..., op. cit.p. 164.

[41]Fair Lady: Twentyth Century Changes in British English Pronunciation, http://www.cc.kochiu.ac.jp/~tamasaki/My%20Fair%20Lady%20and%20the%2020Twentiethcentury%20Changes%20in%20British%20English%20Pronunciation_20080130_rev0223.pdf, [access date: 20.12.2010].

[42] The president Description... op. cit., Handout 7.

[43] A. Hughes, P. Trudgill, D. Watt, English...op. cit., p. 74.

[44] Mr Rogalinski, The Influence of the Cockney Accent on Received Pronunciation, Bachelor of Arts, University of Lodz, typoscript, Łódź 2010, pp. 11-12.

[45] These include the usage of triftongs, the change of standard /з:/ to [з+:] or [ś:] and the conversion of the following sounds: /i:/ to /əi/, /eɪ/ in /a/, /a/ in /ɒɪ/, /æ/ in /ɛ/, /ɔɪ/ in /o/, /ɑʊ/ in /æ/, /u:/ in /əʉ/ or /ʉ:/, /ɔ/ in /o:/ or /o/, or even /ɔ/.

[46] The president An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, Routlege, London 1992, pp. 85-87.

[47] W. Liwarowski, The use..., op. cit.p. 6.

[48] The president Models and Myth: Updating the (Non)standard Accents [in:] K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, J. Przedlacka (ed.), English..., op. cit., p. 18.

[49] The process of vocalizing this sound is ongoing.

[50] J. Wells, Whatever..., op. cit., p. 27.

[51] The president Early fresh Estuary English? Its contemporary background [in:] E. Wanik-Klimczak, P. James Melia (ed.), Accents and Speech in Teaching English Phonetics and Phonology. EFL Perspective, Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2002, p. 23.

[52] However, inactive in many words the sound /t/ is pronounced, e.g. costly, roast beef.

[53] The president Early fresh Estuary English? Its contemporary background [in:] E. Wanik-Klimczak, P. James Melia (ed.), Accents... op. cit., p. 22.

[54] Mr Stockwell, Sociolinguistics..., op. cit., p. 40.

[55] The president Estuary English and..., op. cit., p. 36.

[56] The president Estuary English?, Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2002, p. 17.

[57] C. Arthur, Language: Estuary English engulfs a nation, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/language-estuary-english-engulfs-a-nation-1197104.html, [access date: 13.06.2015].

[58]Tony Blair’s accent is noticeably more glottal erstwhile he appears on popular tv programs, specified as the Des O’Connor Show, than erstwhile he is making a political speed. Tony Blair displays flexibility, which is simply a good thing. Your accent is simply a bagge you wear, which tells people what kind of individual you are. If you can be flexible, then you can fit in with many groups.

[59] C. Arthur, Language: Estuary English engulfs a nation, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/language-estuary-english-engulfs-a-nation-1197104.html, [access date: 13.06.2015].

[60] T. Nevalainen, I. Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Standardization. [in:] R. Hogg, D. Denison (ed.), And History... op. cit.p. 311.

[61] survey speech: Debate – Tony Blair vs. Christopher Hitchens 3 of 8, https://www.youtube.com/embed/bvU0ozGrTjQ&NR=1, [date of access: 10.06.2015].

[62] The president Estuary English: Is English going Cockney?, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf 2003, p. 7.

[63] Mr Stockwell, Sociolinguistics..., op. cit., p. 40.

[64]Estuary English, http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/EstuaryEnglish.html, [access date: 14.06.2015].

[65]Debate – Tony Blair vs. Christopher Hitchens 1 of 8, https://www.youtube.com/embed/PfCbjYsRbT8&list=PL75BCF9FBDA381D90, [date of access: 13.06.2015].