Before the war there were besides “Russian onuces” and servants of the Ukrainian people
When a individual observes the activities of the widely understood circles leading the Polish state in the Ukrainian subject, he takes hold of the head with disbelief. It seems to him that the next moves of 2 consecutive governments and the media and media experts forming them are a form of a nightmare or a black humor typical of Czech comedy. Idealizing past times we think that before planet War II in the Second Republic, specified a curiosity situation could not happen. Are you sure?
Our cognition of how political thought in Poland was shaped is unfortunately superficial, due to the fact that it turns out that what we are experiencing present and then, in the second Poland, became a sad experience of our ancestors. For the author of this article, the fruits of the "Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin" are an excellent example of this.
When nearly a 100 years ago the defiled under Joseph Piłsudski have overthrown national and national governments, almost immediately they began the process of reorienting Polish abroad policy and politics towards national minorities. The thought of building independent Ukraine and Belarus, the request to implement national and Jagielloan ideas, was promoted. Georgian and Azerbaijani oppositionists were besides supported. All of this, of course, to weaken and break up the USSR. The tools for implementing this policy were institutions specified as the East Institute (1926-1939), Prometheus Club (1928-1939) Institute of discipline and investigation of east Europe (1930-1939) and the diary “East-Orient” (1930-1939) and the aforementioned weekly weekly “Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin” (1932-1938).
“Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin”
The establishment of the "Bulletin" was a continuation of actions undertaken by part of the Sanitation Environment to implement an ambitious plan to make an independent Ukrainian state. This country was to be created from lands considered Ukrainian and belonging to the USSR. Lviv was to stay in Poland, but what the lands considered Ukrainian to be Ukrainian, and belonging to the 2nd Republic of Poland located to the east of Lviv were not straight mentioned in this periodical. The diary first appeared in Warsaw as a monthly magazine to appear weekly in time. The release of the Bulletin was supported by Polish military intelligence.
The editor in chief of the periodical was Vladimir Bączkowski (1905-2000), who had previously been editor of the "East-Orient" quarterly. Bączkowski was a textbook example of a typical of the Promethean movement, which assumed the request to destruct the russian Union and make a national state on its ruins. Although Bączkowski is portrayed present as an enemy of communist Russia, in fact he hated the russian Union as well as Russia as so. Spiritus movens The Promethean movement was emigration Ukrainian activists. It was primarily for them and for independent Ukraine that extended propaganda actions were conducted in Poland aimed at the russian Union, and all under the umbrella of Polish peculiar services.
In addition to Bączkowski, they wrote to the “Biuletyn” Adolf Maria Bocheński, Leon Wasilewski, Stanisław Łoś is Józef Lobodowski. Ukrainian side represented Pawło Szangprint, Ivan Kedryn-Rudnycki, Roman Smal-Stocki, Stepan Baran. From the aforementioned 4 Ukrainians Baran and Kedryn-Rudnicki wrote to the Ukrainian magazine during the war, appearing in Kraków under the patronage of the German business authorities “Krakivski Visti” a Pawło Szanprint Although he was an officer of the Polish Army who, during the 1939 defensive war, distinguished himself as commander at Tomaszów Lubelski, he went to the Thracian wars to cooperate with Germany. As part of his cooperation with Germany in 1944, he became president of the Ukrainian National Committee, and in fresh days of war commanded the 14th SS Grenadier Division. A gene saved him from being released into the hands of the Red Army. Władysław Andres. In 1961, by decree of the cabaret president of the Polish Government in exile August Zaleski The blackmail received the Silver Cross of Virtutti Militari. Thus, desecrating the highest Polish state awards is not just a domain of fresh decades.
Servants of the Ukrainian people
In 2023, the MFA press spokesperson Luke Jasina stated on behalf of the Polish State that “We are servants of the Ukrainian people”. This message caused many Poles to be shocked and outraged. However, if we got acquainted with Vladimir Bączkowski's publicist and his editorial colleagues, we would conclude that Jasina was not the first to declare his utmost service towards Ukraine. Bączkowski, 90 years earlier, was besides a servant of the Ukrainian people. For the uprising of independent Ukraine, he was ready to lead to a war between Poland and the USSR. For its creation he was ready to manipulate historical facts, to lower the function and importance of Poles and Poland in order to exalt the function of Ukrainians. We have been appalled by the fresh days of the Ukrainians' rewriting of Monte Cassino, but you could read an article on how the Ukrainians played a key function in defeating the Turks close Vienna in 1683. besides in 1920, it was the Ukrainian troops fighting under Zamość who allegedly contributed to our “Cudu on the Vistula”.
In fresh times Yaroslaw Kurski from “Gazeta Wyborcza” reminded Poles of the Treaty of Drawing, claiming that erstwhile we signed peace with the russian Union we betrayed Ukraine and should be ashamed of it. The message to the Polish public was appalled, but it turns out that the article in a akin speech was besides included in the "Biuletyn" and its author was Ivan Kedryn-Rudnycki. At the time, in conjunction with this thesis in 1 of the subsequent writing numbers, Adolf Maria Bocheński stated that Poland did not break any obligations that it had towards the Ukrainian side.
When Ukrainian terrorists attacked the post office in Gródek Jagielloński in 1932, 2 perpetrators were sentenced to death, editor Bączkowski stood in their defence justifying their actions and comparing their activities to the militant activities of Józef Piłsudski. He felt they didn't deserve the death penalty. In time, it turned out that the perpetrators were active in the organization of another assassination, but then no 1 from the editorial board published a comment in which he would apologize to readers for his naivety towards Ukrainian terrorists.
In 1938, the Romanian authorities suspended the release of the Ukrainian press in their territory “Buletyn” appealed – to reconstruct the Ukrainian press in Romania. Among our neighbours Romania was 1 friendly country, the Bączkowski paper was ready to conflict with this allied state, in the interests of an disloyal Ukrainian national minority.
Members of the editorial board convinced Poles that it was adequate to go to crucial concessions in relations with Ukrainians to satisfy Ukrainians and convince them that it was worth being an integral part of the II Polish Republic alternatively of taking centrifugal actions to separate from Poland. In fact, the Ukrainian approach was zero-one, neither the Ukrainian university could satisfy them nor the Ukrainians' greater participation in the state administration. They were only curious in the independent Ukrainian state, which included lands belonging to the USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia or Romania.
Russian onuce from National Democracy
Environments that presently protest in our country the scale and sense of support provided by Poland Ukraine have earned among their opponents abusive patches of “Russian onuc”. Although it did not usage this phrase, the editorial "Biuletyn" besides abusively commented on critics of the agreement with Ukrainians at the expense of confronting the russian Union or losing the influence of the Polish state of its south-eastern runs. The enemy number 1 for the sanitation weekly was National Democracy. The Polish national movement was believed to be torpedoing the Polish-Ukrainian agreement and thus acting for russian interests. Endection in the articles was referred to as “collunery”. Initially, the most common and most vicious was attacked alone Roman Dmowski, to whom Bączkowski could not forgive the words referring to Ukraine as an ‘international public house’. Dmowski was critically written on respective occasions in periodicals, usually anonymous articles. 1 Ukrainian publicist attacked Dmowski due to the fact that he led to Poland's designation of Ukrainians as "Ukrainian leprosy". In 1 article, Bączkowski considered Dmowski as a russian agent arguing his opinion, due to the fact that in 1931 1 of the russian newspapers published respective articles of Dmowski. He besides referred to it as “the neofite of Euroasianism” and described it as a man with “mongoid facial features”. Over time, anti-Ukrainian rhetoric was increasingly attacked Stanisław Grabski, Roman Rybarski, and in fresh years of appearing writing the Endetic enemy number 1 became Jęrzej Giertychwhich was considered the most irreconcilable enemy of Ukrainian affairs. The editorial board felt that the mediocre state of the Polish-Ukrainian relations in the Kresach region was met by activists of the National Democracy, who, although removed from advanced state positions in the capital, proceed to hold many positions in the state's border administration, torpedoing deliberately the anticipation of Polish-Ukrainian agreement.
Sienkiewicz and Kossak-Szczuck are damaging the Ukrainian case
Several first numbers of the letter were devoted to showing readers how harmful the Polish-Ukrainian writing of Henryk Sienkiewicz is to Polish-Ukrainian relations. Of course, the main intent of the attack was the fresh With fire and sword, the title itself was considered to be ‘blood-eating’ which was severely abused by pointing out its bias and hysterical malice. It was thought that Polish youth of Ukrainian origin should be excluded from the request to read this reading. The novels were besides attacked with momentum Sophia KossakFire andMaria Dunin-Kozicka Storm from the East. Both Polish writers were recognized as contemptible Ukrainians and tendentically showing them on the pages of their novels.
The Ukrainian side in the diary repeatedly emphasized that Ukrainians have no interest in creating Ukrainian-German cooperation aimed at Poland, due to the fact that the consequence of specified cooperation would be to open Poland to cooperation with the russian Union and that Ukrainians seeking to make a Ukrainian state at the expense of the USSR would surely not want to. How false these assurances were shown by the defence war of Poland in 1939. The best period for “teaching Poles” in Ukrainian spirit is the period from the May bombing to the death of “Big Marshal” in 1935.
The title mentions the success of Ukrainian culture or cooperative movement in the Kresy Mountains, but besides welcomes the creation of further Ukrainian initiatives in the United States, Canada or Czechoslovakia despite the fact that a crucial part of these initiatives were straight or indirectly targeted in the Second Republic. It was requested that Poles cease yearly celebrations of the anniversary of the liberation of Lviv, claiming that: “The creator of independent Poland, the Grand Marshal never participated in them”! Poland, according to the "Biuletyn" publicists, won the war for Lviv and Galicia primarily thanks to the support of France and Romania.
Paweł Kowal's fascinations with Bączkowski
I guess no of the readers of “Polish Thought” will be amazed by the fascination of the legacy of editor Bączkowski from the Paul Blacksmith, erstwhile the policy of the Law and present the Law. Paweł Kowal is present the president of the Council for Cooperation with Ukraine. Before taking up this perfectly co-playing position, he promoted the achievements of Włodzimierz Bączkowski. In 2000, he co-authored the publication Vladimir Bączkowski. The east problems of Poland. Selection of letters and participated in many events promoting his individual and thought.
Epilogue
In 1937 Bączkowski wrote increasingly aggressive articles hitting the Polish state, military circles centered around Rhythm-Smith They concluded that the letter did not fulfil its role, did not contribute to the improvement of Polish-Ukrainian relations, and the aggressive attitude of the Ukrainian side was systematically increasing. The issue of the Bulletin was suspended in 1938. Unfortunately, since January 1939, the "Biuletyn" continued to be the monthly "Problems of east Europe" under the editorial board of Bączkowski.
During planet War II, Bączkowski initially resided in Romania, where he collected information on the USSR for the needs of Romanian peculiar services for money of the Romanian State. Then in Haifa despite the reluctance of the Chief Chief Gen. Władysław Sikorski to people associated with the sanatorium kilka he managed to power the structure of the Polish exhibition of the 2nd Chief of Staff. It was not allowed to go to the background until the talks with the russian Union, fearing that his pre-war achievements could harm Polish-Soviet relations. After the war, appreciating the anti-Soviet achievements, Bączkowski was taken in by Americans who gave him a well-paid occupation at the Library of legislature in Washington.
The publication past of “Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin” and the anti-Polish views presented in the journals show us that the past of Polish servitude with respect to the Ukrainian origin has its almost 100 years of tradition. However, while it is inactive possible to search justification for specified views before the war, in view of how the Ukrainians behaved towards Poles during planet War II, not to draw conclusions from tragic events that became part of our nation is an example of utmost stupidity and naivety. past is simply a survey of the past for a better future. At Vistula you can get the impression that learning the past of Poland is unnecessary due to the fact that there is no request to draw lessons from past to make a better future for the nation and the state.
Arkadius Miksa
