This astounding title is simply a mention to the article by Stanisław Czernik, which discusses in the pages of “Kamena” ("Kamena", II 1934, No. 1-2) the work of interwar Lublin poets, as wrote, among others, about Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, poet, prozaiku, translator of Slavic and Romanic literature, essayist, literary critic, founder of Chełm in 1933, literary monthly “Kamena”:
"Now, erstwhile the first signs of rebirth rising from the bottom emergence above our poetry, Jaworski took on the burden of the representations of changing – as the editor of the "Kamena" symbolically almost in bizarre chance he placed the capital of the reborn country of Polish poesy in provincial Chełma".
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Provincial Chełm after regaining independence, after criminal persecution of Poles in the Russian partition, woke up to cultural, literary life.
Chełm was again a Polish city, a Polish Chełm, not “instinno Russian’ Chealm.
During the Russian partition of the persecution of the unit by the Carat in Chełmszczyz and Podlasie, Prussian ore, bloody dealing with the revolution of 1905, the drama of Poles-immigrants became – as it was written in the press at the time – "not only Polish but besides global burning spiritual and national problems", taken by Polish writers, e.g. M. Konopnicka, W. S. Reymonta, S. Żeromski, H. W. J. Wiercieński, Z. Bartkiewicz, A. Gruszecki, W. Żmudzki.
‘Chelmian Poland was a shield that took blows aimed at the full nation...“ (‘Lubelska Land’, 1917, No. 107, p. 2-3).
Maria Konopnicka came to Chełm (and Włodawa) in 1893.
In 1910 in a poem Unici (added to Mr. Balcer in Brazil) confessed:
Chełm, a city supported by the misfortunes of its mountain,
How black in my eyes are the clouds
erstwhile I am full of sorrow and shame and fear,
It's like I'm walking into a plague house.
In this song, she utilized biblical motifs and Polish folk spiritual songs and the romanticist story of the chosen nation (Polish people) and the country's land, tortured but holy, chosen, which is Poland and to which Polish migrants return from abroad land, cursed.
Part of this country's sacred and tortured Polish land is Chełm and Chełm Land.
In 1909 Władysław Stanislaw Reymont came to Chełm, to Chełm Land and Podlasie, as a correspondent for the "Illustrated Weekly" to examine the temper of the local people ("Illustrated Weekbook", 1909, No. 27291) and to draw the public's attention to the tragedy and persecution of the Unites by the Tsarian government.
Władysław Stanisław Reymont:
‘For a fewer weeks in a row, ... The name of this town sounded so ominous in my ears that I drove into it with a feeling of unusual anxiety and fear. There are “bad cities” which, as well as bad people, spread around themselves an atmosphere of inexplicable fear. This “bad city” seemed to me to be Chełm.
Reymont's shocking articles on persecution and gehenna were printed in numbers 28, 30, 31, 32, 37,38, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48 and 49 "Illustrated Week" of 1909.
In 1910 his book entitled From Chelm Land. The impressions and notes, for which the Tsarist authorities brought him a trial, and whose title, next to Peasants – grateful compatriots placed on Reymont's gravestone on Powązki in Warsaw.
The echoes of events and reminiscences of bloody persecution of the Unity will besides be found in the Beauty of Life and in Snobiism and the advancement of Stefan Żeromski, in press publications and books by Henryk Wiercieński, called “The Guardian of the Crests” and “The Tribune of the Chełm Land”.
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“Kamena” between 1933 and 1939 Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski released with Zenon Waśniewski and Wawrzyniec Berezecki.
The editor-in-chief of “Kameny” was Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski (KAJ), treasurer, admin and publisher Zenon Waśniewski, liable editor, alleged “goat editor”, Wawrzyniec Berezecki.
Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski :
"Everything went unexpectedly smoothly". (...). We were publishers, editors, proofreaders, handlers, administrators and errand boys in 2 of our individuals. (K. A. Jaworski and Z. Waśniewski – my footnote). But this work gave us much joy and satisfaction (K. The president Little Jubilee, ‘Kamena’ 1948, No 4-6, pp. 41-45).
"Kamena" as a monthly magazine was to appear in 300 copies, it was decided to issue 10 numbers per year, to rise money through voluntary contributions of PLN 5 – 10 made by local teachers.
The first number “Kameny” – after the authoritative formalities were completed, obtaining the funds and materials needed – was published in September 1933 at the “Kultura” printing home of M. J. Bronfeld,
The first “Kamena” was devoted almost entirely to Lublin poetry. She besides included an article demanding the rehabilitation of Stanisław Brzozowski.
Thus announced the “Kamena” by the local regional weekly “Kronika Nadbużańska” in the 1933 issue of W. B. (Wawrzyniec Berezecki) entitled Stanisław Brzozowski – the boy of Chełmszczyzna, purifying the author Legends of Young Poland of allegations of espionage and cooperation by the press with the Tsar (security service), he wrote:
"The edition of “Kronika Nadbużańska”, a diary that covers the area of the household places of Stanisław Brzozowski, where he spent his childhood and where his soul grew from (they are even close relatives in Chełma) – will welcome the least of the news about the interest of neighbouring regional magazines (...). Collected by E. Dobkowski a new, yet unknown, material on the rehabilitation of Brzozowski – presented itself as a series against arguments, exceptions, quote, fragments and fresh data, to be the last word after everything that has been written in the full Polish press about this for respective years.
This work presents about 50 pages of sheetwork and publishing it will begin in Chełma at the end of August in the planned biweekly literary-artistic "Kamena".
“Kamena” brought Chełm “right away” fame and publicity in the national and European dimension.
The “Kamen” was written by literary press of pre-war and post-war Poland, including critics and literary experts of this measurement as Wacław Kubacki or Kazimierz Wyka.
Kazimierz Wyki, who stressed her large contribution to the popularization of Slavic literature at the beginning of the uprising, pointed to her function as a ‘filter for lyrics’ that Kamena had already fulfilled as a poetic letter.
Józef Czechowicz, after the first issue of “Kamena” appeared, in a letter to K. A. Jaworski, wrote from Warsaw:
‘I thank the Kamens. Nothing that's externally out of reach, nothing that could be better. The full thing is simply a beautiful effort. Do not give up.” (An anthology of Lublin poets of the 20th interwar period. He developed Wacław Mrozowski. Lublin 1965, p.20).
In the interwar period, until the outbreak of planet War II, 50 “Kamena” numbers were published in 500 copies each.
During this period, Józef Czechowicz, Władysław Broniewski, Bruno Schulz, Józef Łobodowski, Czesław Miłosz, Julian Tuwim, Kornel Makuszinski, Mieczysław Jastrun, Włodzimierz Słobodnik, Jan Spiewak, Franciszek Arnsztajnów printed in “Kamen”.
The genesis of the “Kameny” was presented by Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski in his book entitled “Kameny”. In the ‘Kamens’ circle (Lublin 1965).
The formation of ‘Kamena’ had boastful roots.
Founding “Kamena”, Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski was already an experienced editor and publisher. Since 1931, he has released a series of poetic publications in Chełma called the Kamen Library.
From 1923 to 1925 he collaborated with the editorial board of Lublin's "Reflector", from 1923 to 1934 with the Warsaw paper "Robotnik", where he published his literary works. He besides conducted animated editorial and publishing contacts with many magazines, e.g. with the “Polish Journal”, “Lubelsko-Kresowy Review”, “New Life” etc.
Zenon Waśniewski, a friend of K. A. Jaworski, painter, graphic artist, poet, translator of German poetry, educator, from 1934 to 1938 during the release of "Kameny", corresponded with Bruno Schulz.
25 letters by Zenon Waśniewski and a manuscript of his short stories Second fall published Jerzy Ficowski after their acquisition from Michalina Waśniewska, widow of Zeno Waśniewski.
In the summertime of 1935 Bruno Schulz and Zenon Waśniewski met in Zakopane. Zenon Waśniewski then painted a image of Bruno Schulz in 3 shots.
Waśniewski, despite his artistic successes, did not issue a volume of poems: he could do so in the Library of Kameny, or since 1938.
War Journal, Zenon Waśniewski's memoir written from November 26, 1939 to June 5, 1940 in a survey by Dr. Andrzej Rybak, was published in 2011.
Zenon Waśniewski's poems That's my fate. in the developed Z. W. Okonia appeared in 1999.
In this way Zenon Waśniewski's want was fulfilled – I quote Zenon Waśniewski – My lyrics are spent at best after my death...’ for what he asked in the poem Disposition.
Very first poems by Lorenzo Berezecki, poet, editor, author of articles in the Chełm press, assessed J. Czechowicz, who He sometimes came to Jaworski and worked on “Kamena” and who wrote in a letter to K. A. Jaworski:
"Say hello to the Chełmian fajejna, especially to Słłuhub or Briusów, who writes specified cool poems in Zoszczenkowski's language".
Mr. Solluhub or Briusov. was Lorenzo Berezecki.
Lorenzo Berezecki was, among others, a friend of school years, a peer of Klemens Redko (1897-1956), a planet famous, prominent russian artist and graphic artist, a typical of the 1920-930 artistic avant-garde, a painting theorist, a friend of Pablo Picasso.
Clement Redko was born in Rakołupy close Chełm in a peasant family. He spent his childhood in Chełma until 1910, where he studied at a parish school. In 1914, during his artistic studies in St. Petersburg, he visited Chełm, to which he was never allowed to return.
Lorenzo Berezecki:
"It was about 2 years before the Russian-Japanese War. I was approached by a mentor and teacher, Klimek Redko, the boy of a workwoman, our tenant, my peer. He's been wandering the barracks for a long time, and he's grown up to go for the beakers of soldiers, as many another mediocre people did. This was called “walking on soup” in our boy’s gourd. He besides endured various news from the barracks. Sometimes he informed me about theological issues. (...). After a fewer years Klimek had already attended a parish school in Górka (in Chelma – exclaims mine), and I – to Markiewicz. Klimek Redko disappeared from my hometown before my junior advanced years. And abruptly he flashed a bright comet back. .... I receive a image of en face – as a souvenir from a friend of boys.” (Vavrzyniec Berezecki, Memories of Clement Redka. ‘Chełm Land" – a commemorative publication of the Chełm Land Lovers Association in Chełm Land. Chełm, September 1966, p. 12).
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During the “Kameny” edition of K. A. Jaworski, teacher of the Men's Teacher's Seminary in Chełma, he focused around himself, rather numerous, a group of students curious in literature, which S. Czernik in the aforementioned article called A cheerleading poet's apprentice.
Under the patronage and care of their favourite teacher, educator, poet and writer, leader of Chełm's literary life, they founded the Stefan Żeromski Literary ellipse in 1925.
Young people issued the monthly magazine “Pióro” from 1925 to 1926, whose editor was K. A. Jaworski. They learned Jaworski's poems by heart. They were peculiarly impressed. “Sonets – a wreath of sonnets” Jaworski, published in 1932.
The main task of their literary activity was to deepen the cognition of Stefan Żeromski's life and work, whose youth chose to be a patron and to learn about contemporary poesy not covered by the curriculum, including cavaliers and futurists.
In 1933-1934, the group grew to a twelve students, among whom the most outstanding were the authors of poetic tomes published in Chełma in 1ats 1930-1935, later known poets: Wacław Mrozowski, Zdzisław Popowski, Ignacy Gąsiorowski (Igon), Stanisław Turczyn, Wiktor Matyszczuk and Wacław Ivanuuk (actually belonging to Volyn's literary group, in which he issued a volume in 1935 Full June).
The group besides included Stanisław Turczyn, Wincenty Okon, Kajetan Sosnowski, Ignacy Igon Gąsiorowski.
Contacts with the wheel were maintained by Tadeusz Ścibior and Czesław Twardzik, a student of the General School of Exercise at the State Men's Teacher's Seminary in Chełma (the artistic creation developed after the war).
Stefan Żeromski Literary ellipse – as Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski stated – “It created a climate conducive to the emergence of specified ideas, specified as the intention to establish a literary magazine in Chełma” and the Poetic squad “Prisms”, a non-programme group, as many groups during the interwar period (e.g. skamanders).
In 1934, at the initiative of Wacław Mrozowski, the Literary ellipse of Mr Stefan Żeromski, during a solemn author's evening, adopted the name Poetic squad "Prisms".
‘Kamena’, February1934:
‘On the school grounds, a group of “Prisms” was formed, aimed at improving its members, possessing a passion and literary ability in laborious literary work. ... ZThe band is truly made up of people who hope more or little in this respect, not conceited graphomen.(...).
Their works were read by W. Ivaniak, W. Matyszczuk, C. Morawski, W. Mrozowski, Z. Popowski. ... Ivanuuk, Mrozowski and Popowski mastered the method most, though they are not always independent. Morawski seems little influenced and so is more original, Matyszczuk's poems are for now an announcementIt’s okay. ” ‘Kamena’ 1933/34, No 8.
The young people met weekly, Sunday, after a school service. The meetings read, among others, papers discussing Stefan Żeromski's work, learning about the achievements of literary groups, in the form of discussions, trying to resolve the problems of the poetic workshop, discussing goals and tasks of literary groups, etc.
The lesson was first of all books from the private library of prof. Jaworski, who was very eager to make it available to young people. Over the years, after the introduction of contributions and paid school meetings, the Poetic squad “Prisms” purchased its own library, which included works by Stefan Żeromski and Andrzej Strug.
He besides established a permanent cooperation with Lublin literary environment through K. A. Jaworski.
Members of the Poetics squad “Prisms” combined art without search for conceptualism and formalism, as well as common themes and problems of poems, artistically mature, progressive, socially sensitive, to the problems of the city and people.
Wacław Mrozowski, Wacław Ivaniak, Zdzisław Popowski and Czesław Morawski, his works in the local and national press and in the alleged "youngest column" in "Kamen".
Wiktor Matyszczuk joined Chełm's literary youth in the issue of Mickiewicz's “Kameny”.
In the 3rd year “Kameny” performed as beginners Ignacy Gąsiorowski (Igon) and Stanisław Turczyn. any of them later printed in the "Poet Circle", in the "Monday of Literature and Art" and in the "Pion". (Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, In the ellipse of Kamens. Lublin 1965, p.189).
In the article entitled Poetic Adoption ‘Kamena’ 1938/39, No 3,4) Viktor Matyszczuk wrote about his colleagues.
About Wacław Mrozowski:
‘Brawura and Primitivism, then eclecticism of themes and mood, searching for your language in the language of celebrated poets, who truly taste a qualified reader.”.
Zdzisław Popowski is simply a poet who “It goes honestly and without lying, praising with young poems what is worth celebrating.”
The best 1 according to Matyszczuk is W. Ivanuk, whose book entitled ‘June Full’‘is tightly assembled with a plan of pre-stilted images of beautiful and appealing real dimensions. Thoughtful, and thus accurate metaphorical”.
It is worth noting that the article did not deficiency the critical, bitter attention of Matishuk to his guardians Chelmian poetry:
"And how many of these gatherings would be worth more if their authors had kind advice, solid science, which would put in discipline the written word and work for it".
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Józef Czechowicz came to Chełm in the interwar period respective times, whom during the editorial work on “Kamena” they met at the home at Jaworski, among others, W. Mrozowski and W. Ivanuk.
Wacław Mrozowski became friends with J. Czechowicz and this relationship continued until the tragic death of the author Every day in September 1939.
Wenceslaw Ivanukov, who was going to go to college, advised Czechovich not to go to Polish Studies and encouraged him to ‘has signed up for any applicable subject’, The author Full June selected the Faculty of Legal and Economics at the Free Ally of Poland.
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Several literary studies were published about the Chełmian creators already in the interwar period. 1 of the most crucial ones is Stanisław Czernik's dissertation quoted here. The poets of Lublin.
Czernik discusses Jaworski's first work and its translations, the highest of which is estimated by the volume of Autumn translated in 1931 "The choice of poetry".
Stanisław Czernik:
"Remarks the previously marked tendency to authenticity based on a strong wall of youth and childhood experiences. This propensity brought the most beautiful poem in the first volume “To the hometown”, and most late different in the combination of “the fact of content” with “the fact of form” of the poem “Then”. A separate card in Jaworski's work occupies translations from Russian poets, especially the translation of the poems of Autumn gained widespread recognition. (Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, In the ellipse of Kamens. Lublin 1965, p. 272).
He then examines the Chelmian “an expanding poetic hill‘:
In Wit Kasperski's work, he sees ‘Simple experience: no metaphysical complications (...), principity, sincerity of emotion, primitiveism of noble reflexes, the natural doctrine of truth, and the highly stressed social elements "based on the story of land and a farmer".
About Wacław Mrozowski:
"It is much further from maturity", But “ However, it makes a very interesting promise. It is distinguished by its freshness, frequently paralyzed by a bad tendency to vulgarize. A well - started concept frequently becomes recklessly paralyzed ... by the haste of rapidly gathering the wealth of poems. The same with metaphorical – sometimes convincing and original, sometimes childishly funny.” (Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, In the ellipse of Kamens. Lublin 1965, pp. 276, 277).
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The Literary Group "Wira" (1932-36) competed with the Poetic Group "Prisms" from the Stefan Czarniecki State Secondary School in Chełma (today S. Czarniecki advanced School). The period of its activity is not precisely established.
Its members were students of this gymnasium: Henryk Bialowiejski, Władysław Jankowski, Klemens Lechnicki, Czesław Łagoda, Adam Z. Pyzik, Mieczysław Tronczyński and Tadeusz Zygmunt.
In 1924 S. Czarniecki advanced School graduated from Władysław Kuraszkiewicz.
Czesław Bednarczyk attended the S. Czarniecki advanced School, graduating from the 1931 mediate School.
On 12 June 2012, on the eighty-first anniversary of the matura conviction by Czesław Bednarczyk, at the advanced School. S. Czarniecki opened the Czesław Bednarczyk Memorial Chamber and a memorial plaque dedicated to him was built.
The guardian of the Literary Group "Wira" was Stefan Mrożkiewicz (1905-1977), a Polish author of unpublished phase plays.
In junior advanced school, which undoubtedly influenced the artistic attitude of students, Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski taught Polish (part-time).
Members of the Literary Group "Wira" published their works in "Rise.’Monthly of Junior State Secondary School in Chełm, published by the Youth Self-Help Club of the State Secondary School in Chełma under the editorial board of Tadeusz Machajski and local magazines.
Czesław Łagoda edited the “Life” wall newspaper.
Their work referred to the romanticist tradition, it shows the literary influences of the Young Poland period and references to S. Wyspiański and contemporary literature of the interwar period, mainly to the cavalry.
The solo poetic tomes were published by: Tadeusz Zygmunt Lyricone (1933) and Adam Z. Pyzik Calculation (1936).
The “Wiry” group ceased operations after graduating from mediate school by its members and leaving Chełm.
Their further fates, with the exception of partial information about K. Lechnicki, C. Łagoda and H. Bialowieża (remaining in Chełma) are unknown.
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Chełmian fajna, which J. Czechowicz so literaryly described in the quoted leaves to K. A. Jaworski, she was raised in enthusiasm and patriotism, which prevailed in Chełma after regaining independence.
After a period of devastating Russian occupation, the city rebuilt its national and regional identity. Chełmaniań enthusiastically joined the social movement and patriotic activities restoring Poland the desired independence, creating Polish statehood in all areas of national life.
For example:
On 3 May 1918, in the membranes of Chełm, during the nationwide patriotic manifestation in the independency rally, participated (according to any sources) from 30000 to 50000 1000 people demanding “indivisible full Polish lands” and ‘leaving Chełm and Chełmszczyzna, the ancient Polish land, within the limits of free and independent Poland".
It was a protest of Chełmian – in connection with the Treaty in Brest of 9 February 1918, including Chełm and Chełm Land to the created Ukrainian state. (Janusz Paweł Krzywicki, Czarniczci, (Chełm 2010, p. 23).
Young Chełm schools, including S. Czarniecki's Royal-Polish Junior advanced School, participated very actively in the demonstration, which in the night before the demonstration with the school banner embroidered by students, “in compact, criminal ranks“ Together with his teachers, he led the director, Viktor Ambroziewicz, whom they loved. activist of many independence, patriotic, social, state and local organizations; erstwhile he left Chełm, the manager of the Stefan Batory State Secondary School in Warsaw, where Jan Bytnar, associate of the Grey Ranks and Tadeusz Zawadzki “Zośka”, lieutenant of the National Army, 1 of the main characters of the book Stones to the Sun Aleksandra Kamiński.
The unique atmosphere of those years was described by Józef Biernacki, a student of the seventh Stefan Czarniecki State Secondary School in Chełma in 1920, 1 of the students – volunteers taking part in the fight against Bolsheviks.
Here's his memory:
“The youthful heart was arrogant to be the boy of the large Nation. (...). We went with our colleagues to Chełm, to our campfire – a mediate school where we learned to love the endangered Homeland today. (...). The full nation shouted, “We will not give the earth!” And the land of Chełmsk, I mean, the land of Chełmsk, was not left behind. Young, old, even women (...). In religion we cried, “Poland has not died yet!”
Oh! These words have been sung so many times, known from a young child, how different they sounded now! Youth ... She ran off with the others into the army. Professors and students together stood in line”. (Janusz Paweł Krzywicki, Nitrogens. Chełm 2010, p. 23).
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During the interwar period of Chełm a peculiar character was Kazimierz Czernicki, printer, editor, founder and publisher of respective magazines, socio-cultural and political activist.
In 1922 Kazimierz Czernicki founded in Chełma together with Piotr Hykiel and Władysław Habrowski the first Polish printing home “Zwierzadło” in which Czernicki printed his writings, e.g. “Zwierzadło”, “Kronika Nadbużańska”. (Other printers include Mortek Josef Bronfeld, Wajsztajnów, Sz. H. Goldman, Szlomy Boruch Szmaragd, Lejba Wagner).
Czesław Bednarczyk worked at Czernicki's printing plant during his studies at Stefan Czarniecki State Secondary School in Chełma.
Czesław Bednarczyk:
I've encountered printing in boys' years.i.e., I saw and viewed a superficial printer, cashews with fonts, fonts stacking in poems and a retention machine. With a large ellipse resembling devices at wells pumping water. It was in Chełma Lubelski, in the city where I was raised, in a tiny printing factory, the only weekly magazine entitled “The Mirror”. In this printing home I was employed from time to time, for a fewer hours, to spin a crank-wheel moving the press. (Czech Bednarczyk, In the bridge arcade. Memories of the printer and publisher of London Oficin. Edition 2, London 2003, pp.8-9).
Kazimierz Czernicki is the author of e.g. Chełm – past and souvenirs (1936), the first in the literature of the Chalmian guide to Chełm and surrounding areas.
A unique book is simply a brochure by K. Czernicki by the peasant from Wojsławic, Jan Krystianczuk, entitled Damn heirs (1938), exposing owners Wojsławi the Counts of Polletył and showing the way and ways they gained wealth and wealth. The brochure in its entirety (a circulation of 1,000 copies) was confiscated by the Chelm governor, and K. Czernicki was liable for its release for criminal proceedings before the Chelm court.
K. Czernicki had quarrels with K. A. Jaworski.
misunderstandings between Jaworski and Czernicki occurred in 1934 after the publication of an article by Stanisław Czernik in the Stone. ‘Poets of the Lublin Region’, in which Czernik, as I quoted, stated that Jaworski As the editor of ‘Kamena’, he symbolically almost in bizarre randomness placed the capital of the reborn Polish poesy state in provincial Chełm.
‘I am in a glass of water’ (description of K. A. Jaworski) started K. Czernicki in “Kronika Nadbużańska” in an article Chełm capital of mistaken graffiti, calling the poems of the printing poets in the Stone ‘A simple graffiti play, and these poets “have ... Not pretty, but severe constipation and blackout. (...). Fortunately, our “capital” has the right plant (psychiatric infirmary – my footnote), which, in the event of adopting a form which is dangerous to the environment and to the patients themselves, may take the form of those unfortunates who have “the revival of Polish poetry” (K. A. Jaworski, op. cit., p. 61).
In consequence to this review, Jaworski and Waśniewski sent to the Association of Friends of Polish Culture in Chełma, the publisher of “Kronika Nadbużańska”, a letter demanding clarification and correction of the offending article of which‘ton and content ... He denies all principles of criticism and journalistic decency and full redress and liquidation of illiteracy editorialsmaking Chełm the capital of rudeness and bayonet of parish ignorance. (K.A. Jaworski, op. cit., p. 62).
Responding to Jaworski's and Waśniewski's letters, Czernicki repeated in "Kronika Nadbużańska" (No. 39/73 of 30 IX 1934) the allegations at "Kamena", and the request of Jaworski and Waśniewski commented:
‘Editorial (‘Nadebuzhany Chronicle’ — My footnote) After a thorough survey of the letter of the pp. poets, she concluded that it was ‘shamble, stupidity, deficiency of culture, sloping and a cloacal atmosphere’ which the editors and publishers of ‘Kameny’ hide from the unmerciful edge of righteous criticism, incapable to scope it’. (K. A. Jaworski, op. cit., p. 63).
The arguments between the editors of ‘Kamena’ and ‘Kronika Nadbużańska’ as ‘the reasons for characterising the state at the time’ reflected in the Polish press (among others‘Couriers of the Morning” and in the Warsaw weekly “Decada”).
However, there was not always a fight between ‘Kamena’ and ‘Kronika Nadbużańska’ ‘for knives’, which has quieted down a small after 1935, since erstwhile the students of K. A. Jaworski, poets from the Poetic squad “Prisms”, Zdzisław Popowski and Wacław Mrozowski, co-operated with the editorial board “Kronika Nadbużańska”.
But the cooperation between the 2 writings could not have been mentioned.
- A. Jaworski and K. Czernicki did not reconcile until September 1939. It was then that K. Czernicki approached K. A. Jaworski on 1 of Chełm's streets and reached out to make peace:
“What was between us was! Forget it erstwhile Poland is falling apart!” (K. A. Jaworski, op. cit., p. 42).
The historical merit of K. Czernicki is that he undertook a conflict in the pages of "Zwiedła" to find Nicholas Rej's grave and personally directed the search for the writer's grave in 1924. However, they did not produce the expected results. This case was dedicated to Czernicki by 3 extended articles in the 26th issue of The Mirrors of 1924.
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Folk literature played an crucial function in the interwar period in Chełma.
It is hard to indicate the date of the beginning of the folk writing of the Chelm land.
Chełmian folk literature, as in all regions of Poland, grew out of the earth, out of the service and humility of the peasant towards the earth, out of his work, love and respect for the earth, out of the request and readiness to defend the land-motherland, the land-fatherland, the land-fatherland, with the belief that the earth is simply a part of his life, essential as water, fire and air. From the regular contact of the peasant with nature, whose host, as well as his host, was the earth.
Folk writing of the Chelm land is simply a creative contribution to the Chelm cultural heritage, a permanent link to the Chelm literary tradition, dating back to the time of Nicholas Rej.
The date, aside from disputes on the subject, the least controversial, to which 1 could refer, by establishing the chronology of the folk writing of the Chelm land, is surely 1890.
It is not a year that even in general would authorize them to be considered as the beginning of the first folk writing on the Chełm Land.
This is the year of the 33rd volume of Oscar Kolberg's large work entitled People. His customs, manner of life, speech, giving, proverbs, rites, gossip, fun, songs, music and dance (T. I-23, 1857-90). Volume 33 was named Chełmskie and was released in the life of Oskar Kolberg. Volume 34 of the same title developed and issued in 1891, after Kolberg's death, based on materials received and supplemented by Maria Hempel, Izidor Kopernicki – "the testamentary heir to the legacy of handicraft and the continuation of Collberg monographs".(H. Zwolakiewicz, In the ellipse of Jerome Łopaciński. Lublin 1977, p. 102).
Leaving 1890 and 1891 as a mention point to the reflections on the folk writing of the Chełm Land, its first origins should be sought at the beginning of the 20th century, as confirmed by the monumental Anthology of Folk poesy 1830-1980 Jan Szczawiej of 1985, which Julian Krzyżanowski considered to be an excellent work, pointing to her pioneering function in documenting folk literature in national literature.
Jan Szczavej first folk poets from the area of the Chełm territory places in the interwar period, stressing that present "regions where the poets of the people are the most numerous, we have virtually several: Lublin with 2 mainly powiats: Puławy and Chełmski, Podhale – almost exclusively Nowy Targ district, Żywieczna with the surroundings of Zawo, Kielce and yet Kaszuby”. (Jan Szczawiej, Anthology of folk poesy 1830-1980. Warsaw 1972).
Among the folk writers from the Chełm district, forming or starting works in the interwar period, include Paulina Holyszowa, Władysław Kuchtá, Isabella Balik, Józef Bassa, Anna Gąsiorowska, Franciszka Matera, Anela Skantak, Józefa Surdyk, Władysław Surowiecki.
The largest of them are P. Hołyszów and W. Kucht, who are among the most prominent folk poets in Poland in the 20th century.
Paulina Holysz is simply a legendary poet and folk vocalist of the Chełm Region, director, painter, baker and collector of old traditions, rituals and folk customs, animator of cultural life of Strupina Dużego (Chełmsk County), in which she was born, not counting uncommon trips to Chełm, she left only 3 times “in the world”: in 1928 for a journey to the sea to Gdynia, in 1939 and 1963 to Warsaw, in the second case for a gathering of folk poets.
Poems of writing most likely began at the age of twenty-four, from 1916 to 1917. She gained large authority among the local population. She was called Aunt Paulina. Her works, which she wrote many times at the request and needs of the local agrarian community, were sung at weddings, harvests and during another gathering celebrations, became anonymous songs wandering the villages not only of Chełm County.
Władysław Kuchta, was a equally valued and popular folk cultural activist in his native village of Molodutyn (pov. chelmski), whom he never left and lived for the remainder of his life.
He wrote poems.
His diary Tough boy's hand. The Chronicle of My Life (2000), which Kuchta wrote for 44 years, from 1928 to 1972, is simply a unique, with large artistic, cognitive and documentary potential, track in Polish folk literature.
This work was assessed by D. Niewiedowski as "a phenomenon of peasant literature", comparing it with alleged high-artistic literature, including the journals of Maria Dąbrowska, written in 51 years. (Wladyslaw Kuchta, Tough boy's hand. The chronicle of my life. Selection, introduction, improvement of Donat Unknown. Lublin 2000, p. 5.
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During the interwar period with Chełm, let's describe this most generally, among others, another writers, whose names have been permanently included in the past of Polish cultural heritage, whose stay in this town can be considered as an episode.
Stefan Napierski visited the Orsetti household in Świerzy.
Ryszard Kapuściński spent his holidays 1939 with his uncle, the secretary of the commune, in Pawłów.
Jadwiga Korczakowska, author of 50 books, mostly for children and young people, lived in Chełma from 1929 to 1933. She was married to a doctor (surgeon), a major of the Polish Army, directed to work at the Military territory infirmary in Chełma. In the interwar Chełm Land Theatre, she was an actor (pseudonist of Jag Orcza) and director. She directed 10 shows.
Władysław Benedict Gacki, writer, journalist, with rich technological and literary achievements. As of 1 September 1916, on 30 June 1917 he was the manager of the Chełm Philology School. He maintained constant contact with Chelm and Chelm Land.
In 1935, he issued Brzozowski's letters (title: Several letters by Stanisław Brzozowski), with whom he conducted his fellow correspondence.
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After the outbreak of planet War II, a large group of refugees from central Poland moved through Chełm.
Among them were many writers who sought refuge with the editors of "Kamena", including Jerzy Kamil Weintraub, Tadeusz Hollender, Stanisław Wasylewski, Jalu Kurek, Wanda Vasilewska, Halina Pilichowska, Stefan Kordian Gacki, Adam Polewka, Wawrzyniec Czeresniewski, Stefan Krukowski and Eugeniusz Żytomirski.
Stefan Krukowski and Tadeusz Hollender participated in Chełma in the release of the one-day edition (extraordinary edition), which was released on September 25, 1939.
All these writers, after a shorter or longer stay in Chełma, mostly left for Lviv, to learn about the German-Soviet agreement that led to Chełm being under German occupation.
- A. Jaworski and Zenon Waśniewski remained in Chełma due to the fact that – as the author wrote Hearts Behind Wire ‘my home is here”.
On 20 June 1940, K. A. Jaworski was arrested by a Gestapo on Lublinska Street in Chełma.
After questioning and being in prison at the Lublin Castle, he went to the death camp in Schausenhausen, from which he happily returned on 2 February 1942. Until the end of the business he worked fictitiously as a buchalter in the pharmacy of his uncle Stefan Ivanowski in Sawina.
He described his camp experiences in his book entitled Hearts behind wire.
Zenon Waśniewski conducted a conspiracy activity (he served, among others, as Chief Chełm of the Home Army).
Arrested by Gestapo at night from 7 to 8 October 1942, he passed through the Nazi prison on the Lublin Castle and concentration camps in Majdanek, Oświęcim, Oranienburg and Bergen-Belsen. In the second camp he died of exhaustion in early April 1944 a fewer days before the liberation of the camp by Allied troops.
According to the accounts of Igor Newerly and Jerzy Zacharczuk, fellow gehenna and martyrdom Zenon Waśniewski in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen, Zenon Waśniewski died in barracks No. 18 in the presence of the orderly of this barrack Major. Jani.
Igor Newerly in the fresh A boy from the Salski Steppes He described Zenon Waśniewski's heroic attitude, around which prisoners gathered at night, "to perceive to what a soul is and how it can know the world”. (Igor Newerly, A boy from the Salski Steppes. Warsaw 1960, pp. 12, 17).
- A. Jaworski, having learned of the death of his friend, so said goodbye to Z. Wawsniewski in Last leaf:
“And, behold, I compose this letter to you in the afterlife, a letter to the smoke that has dissolved, to the ashes that have fertilized the land of the mortal enemy, or possibly to the bone, if you have avoided the crematorium. Anyway, isn't it all the same, but that no 1 will lay flowers on your grave due to the fact that it's not there.
And I compose you this letter on the card “Kamena”, our “Kamena”...
Do you remember the beginning of our writing?
And these linorites of yours, initially even modest, due to the fact that you were only a small more skilled and then inactive more perfect?... I remember how any of them liked Czechovich? present you're together...
I compose these words, Zenk, and your shadow leans over a part of paper. You look at me from your paintings hanging on the wall, from black linorite lines, from the letters of your poem. It's not actual that you're not here. You are with me at the moment, smiling leniently, and I hear you whispering the words of Błok from a book, which you have decorated with beautiful inserts: “The consequence is known: everyone dies.”
Kazimierz Czernicki, along with 2 sons in July 1940, was shot by Germans in the Chełm prison or in Kumowa Valley close Chełm.
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Chełmian writers participated in the September campaign, participated in the resistance.
Władysław Kuchta worked with the guerrillas. Paulina Holishov took care of war orphans.
Władysław Kuchta and Stanisław Puch with the second army of Polish troops passed the conflict way from Chełm to Berlin.
Among the National Army and Peasants' Battalions were poets, including Józef Bassa, Łukasz Małysz, Michał Kossowski, Ryszard Bocheński.
Zenon Waśniewski was the co-organizer and first commander of the Armed Forces Union in Chełm.
Kazimierz Czernicki, along with his sons, was part of the Armed conflict Union.
Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, Zenon Waśniewski, Stefan Mrożkiewicz conducted secret teaching.
Czesław Twardzik (1914-1979) unnamed, in typescripts, distributed to residents He boasts his patriotic poems.
Jan Szczawiej was a associate of the chief government of the Peasants Battalions, editor of underground magazines.
Others in the ranks of the Polish army fought in the West and the East.
The heroic death of the pilot was killed: Clement Lechnicki – over Berlin, Czesław Łagoda – in the air conflict over Britain.
Czesław Bednarczyk fought with General Anders' army in the mediate East, Africa and Italy.
Wacław Ivanuk landed in Normandy and fought on the Western Front.
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Jan Szczawiej since July 1944, as manager of the Chełm Land Theatre, joined his organization. His wife, Jadwiga Radlińska-Szaveevova, wrote a play for this theatre in 1945 entitled Heaven Without Stars, exhibited with large success in Chełma, Lublin and Opole.
Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, Jacek Bocheński and Jan Szczawiej held the first gathering in Chełma after the war (Autumn 1944).
During this period, little or less, Leon Pasternak, Jerzy Putrament, Krzysztof Gruszczyński, Lucjan Szenwald, Czesław Janczarski, Jan Huszcza, Wanda Vasilewska and Arnold Słucki stayed in this town.
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The post-war destiny of Kamena, after 1944, was no longer as easy and boastful as from 1933 to 1939.
In November 1945, K. A. Jaworski resumed her release in Chełma.
Jacek Bocheński, who stayed in Chełma from 1943 to 1945, helped him with the writing.
Jacek Bocheński:
‘He (K. A. Jaworski – my footnote) He was inactive in Chelma, (...). He writes that he no longer had the method conditions [to issue the Kameny] in Chełma, due to the fact that simply printers were murdered during the war, from which he benefited. They were Jews and were killed. There were no printers, no printers, and there was nothing in 1947. (I quote for: Jacek Bocheński (born 1926) – Lexicon Theatre NN).
- A. Jaworski, faithful to his editorial and literary principles and artistic assumptions, did not realize the authorities of Chełm, Lublin and Warsaw at that time.
Jaworski's desire and concern for the continuity of writing did not help. The modest subsidies from the Ministry of Culture and Art proved insufficient. Rebuilding from the ruins and ruins, ruined by the war of the country, could not afford to finance cultural initiatives in terms of what their creators expected, especially from provincial centres.
The “Kamen” lacked staff money for editors, authors' fees and printing. The one-man initiative of the editor of the pre-war “Kamena”, hidden under a noisy evidence in the editorial footer “Redicates the Kamena team, not falling within the assumptions of a centrally cultivated cultural policy, not all, including censorship, was of interest.
‘None at the time ‘Kamena’ was afraid – neither local authorities nor ministerial authorities, nor ... poets who erstwhile sent her debut poems, and now ... seated in ministerial positions in culture – they tried ... forget the old days." (M. Derecki, KAJ Lublin Environment, ‘Kamena’ 1983, No 19, p.3).
In 1949, after the 3 numbers appeared, ‘Kamena’ ceased to appear. This active a captivating and manipulative decision taken by the central authorities in 1949, eliminating private publications in Poland and limiting freedom and publishing freedom, ordering the creation of a culture based on the ideology of the Polish United Workers' organization and the creation of the activist art (literature) expressing and changing reality according to criteria and organization recommendations.
In 1948, Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski moved to Lublin.
On 1 November 1949, he became the head of the cultural department of the “Standar of the People” in Lubin (written by KW PZPR in Lublin) and permanently resided in that city.
Until 30 April 1952, he edited in the People's banner an addition entitled "Literary Week", initially with the subtitle "Old Kamen".
However, he did not quit his efforts to return “Kamena” to literary life in Poland.
In 1952, the release of “Kamena” was resumed in Lublin as the body of the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literature. It was initially a quarterly, since 1955 a monthly, since 1956 a biweekly.
Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski, together with Maria Bechczyc-Rudnica, became co-editor of the writing.
erstwhile he left Kamena in 1963, he justified his decision:
‘ZI frequently held a critical position in the editorial officeIt’s okay. ”
From 1965 to December 1988, i.e. until the liquidation of Kameny in Lublin, its editor-in-chief was the boy of K. A. Jaworski, Marek Adam Jaworski, who led to an eightfold increase in the effort of Kameny.
“Kamena” did not break ties with Chełm.
The columns of the poems of Chełmski poets (six columns) appeared on her pole, not counting the individual publications of the authors from Chełm. The most creative cooperation between “Kamena” and Chełmski writers was held from 1961 to 1965 and 1975 to 1987.
An crucial cultural event in Lublin was the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Kamena held at the Provincial Cultural Centre in Chełma on 21-22 October 1983. These were attended by Marek Adam Jaworski, who gave a paper entitled Today 'Kamens' and its perspectives and Viktor Bazylewski, who discussed "The contributions of the editors of Kamena to the improvement of the magazine".
5 years later, on 25 December 1988, “Kamena” stopped appearing in Lublin. ‘Kamena’ returned to Chełm.
The circumstances surrounding the liquidation of Lublin's Kamena and its return to the Chelm sources were more political than socio-cultural.
The decision to halt issuing it was most likely made in mid-1988, as was the case at the time, in the organization apparatus, in this case in the Provincial Committee of the Polish National Academy of Sciences in Lublin. She was argued by the unprofitableness of the magazine, its elite, high-interest returns, deficiency of readership, separation from the Lublin cultural environment, financial difficulties and specified "proofs".
The “Kamena” was inactive – formally – a letter from the Lublin Branch of the Association of Polish Literaries. It was just a title entry. In fact, the Association of Polish Literaries in Lublin has never had the slightest influence on writing.
In view of the threat of the liquidation of the Kameny, the Management Board of the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literaries has made efforts to retreat this intention, proposing the actual editing of the Kameny by the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literaries.
The editorial board “Kamena” besides fought “to leave Kamena” in Lublin.
respective meetings of the Management Board of the ZLP Union with the editorial board of “Kamena” were held during which Tadeusz Jasiński turned out to be a very meaningful mediator, then the president of the Lublin ZLP Branch (from 1983 to 1989) and the head of the literary department “Kamena”, a wonderful cultural animator, organizer of literary and social life. These meetings were attended by Tadeusz Jasiński, Henryk Makarski, Longin Jan Okon and Zbigniew Waldemar Okon; by Marek Adam Jaworski and Ireneusz J. Kamiński.
However, these meetings did not find the further destiny of Kamena. As always, the Provincial Committee of PZPR in Lublin decided on this.
The participants of these meetings were well aware of this from the first gathering at the secretary of propaganda of the Provincial Committee of PZPR in Lublin, that these meetings were staged, supposedly "made" to public opinion in order to calm the local literary environment. However, they deluded that "social mediations" and their extension would consequence in the withdrawal of this decision or at least its postponement in "unspecified time", which in the hot political and social 1988 gave any hope in the close future for the successful settlement of the case of "Kamena" for the Polish Literature Union in Lublin.
But it did not.
The last gathering was held on the Provincial Committee of PZPR in Lublin in December 1988. It was attended by Henryk Makarski and Zbigniew Waldemar Okon and Franciszek Piątkowski, who was not associated with the “Kamena” or the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literaries and whose name in no “kamen” context has so far appeared. An effort to explain why the another members of the Management Board of the Association of Polish Literature in Lublin are absent and the editors of “Kamena” ended in “cut off the discussion” and the message that they were not in Lublin that ‘the substance is urgent’ And present should be "finally settled."
And the decision was as follows:
"Kamena" at the end of December 1988 will no longer be published in Lublin.
It will appear in Chełma: as agreed by the Provincial Committee of the PZPR in Chełma.
In Lublin a fresh socio-cultural diary entitled “Relations” will be created in place of “Kameny”. The letter will issue erstwhile a period a dozen-page literary supplement (literary hall), edited by the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literature. The Management Board of the Lublin Branch of the Union of Polish Literaries will set up a literary addition. These were oral arrangements, no paper was signed in this case.
The Lublin Branch of the Association of Polish Literaries has taken a negative view of this decision, remaining in the position that the most appropriate solution is to proceed publishing “Kameny” in Lublin, in accordance with the proposals of the Association of Polish Literaries in Lublin, under conditions agreed with the full Lublin literary and socio-cultural environment.
From the documentation obligation, let us add that “Relations” after the issue of respective numbers ceased to appear – there was no literary addition in either of them, due to the fact that the magazine did not ask anyone from the Lublin literary community to edit it.
I am certain (what I established with Francis Piątkowski) – that it was not the responsibility of Francis Piątkowski, editor of the chief “Relation”. He was a solid writer and experienced, liable editor of writings published by him successfully, among others, in Białystok. We knew each another from our studies in Lublin, erstwhile we founded the Student Literary Group "Contraptions" (1965-1968), effectively seeking the printing of literary columns in Lublin journals.
The decision to “return” the “Kamena” to Chełm was made by then secretary of propaganda of KW PZPR in Chełm by Witosław Szczany, educator, social and political activist, self-government, who, as Dr. Andrzej Rybak wrote about him, “he was full devoted to what he did, and he always had large respect for everyone. It was not the slogan that mattered to him, but the actions, not empty declarations, but concrete, useful actions, which were supported by large religion in man and his large opportunities.” (Encyclopedia of Chelma. Tom I. People. Chełm 2011, p.280.
During my stay in Chełma, in the final phase of Lublin meetings on ‘Kamena’, I met W. Szczany at 1 of the cultural events. As always, he was curious in cultural life not only in Chełm. We talked about the Stone. If the ‘Kamena’ is to vanish from the press market, if it cannot appear in Lublin, then let it return to the origin from which it was drawn.
In October 1989 – 56 years after the first issue of the “Kamena” in Chełma – “Kamena” returned to Chełm as a socio-cultural quarterly (outline quarter) of the Association of Chełm Land Lovers. Her editor-in-chief was Ireneusz J. Kamiński from Lublin, a close associate of M. A. Jaworski from the Lublin period of Kameny.
Between 1989 and 1993, 17 writing numbers were published in 13 notebooks in Chełma. ‘Kamena’, but that she was leaving in Chełma, active with the cultural and literary life of this city to a much lesser degree than her Lublin predecessor.
In 1993, due to deficiency of financial resources and small interest by readers and the literary community, Kamena ceased to appear.
In the 4th issue of the 1992 Literary Studies, under the heading Varia (hr) wrote:
"In October this year another issue of the Kresowy Quartet "Kamena" was published. (...). Despite the subtitle "Quarter", this is the second and last issue of this year. Savings in Chełmian culture have besides not missed Kameny, the quarterly has become a semi-annual, and it is not certain that at least 1 number of writings will appear next year. In a bitter editorial, the editor-in-chief defiles the Chelmian intelligence and recalls that in 1993, “Kamena” will celebrate 60 years. is simply a fly muse gonna live to the Jubilee?
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The year 1933 and 1993 in the past of Chelm literature are border dates, beginning and closing the 60-year presence of Kamena in the magazine marketplace in Poland!
Events related to the past of Polish literature have always occupied and presently occupy a crucial place in Chełm's history, primarily as 1 of the crucial aspects of social life, both documentary and artistic.
Chełma as a centre of cultural, literary life going beyond the Lublin region, organized consciously by the Chełmian writers, regionalists, animators and cultural activists, we can only talk about the interwar period, i.e. since the activity of Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski and his release in Chełm “Kameny” and from the modern period after 1945 – referring to Kazimierz Andrzej Jaworski.
In the 20th anniversary of the interwar Chełm and the Chełmian literary community was a centre known and crucial on a nationwide scale.
This was highlighted, among others, by Ryszard Matuszewski in the 1973 Literature (No. 38, p.14):
"Thanks to the Stone", and this "Interwar Stone", K. A. Jaworski will stay in the past of Polish literary life a character with a function going beyond his region. The handwriting was ... 1 of the permanently recorded and yet unique cultural phenomena of the second half of the interwar years."
It's historical, undeniable and inalienable, thanks to K. A. Jaworski.
