1 MARCH OF THE DAY OF THE REMEMBER OF THE SOLDIERS
THE BOTHERS OF THE NATURAL DAY OF THE REMEMBER OF THE INCOME BOATERS The National Day of Memory of the Cursed Soldiers (Unbreakable) is to be a tribute to soldiers of the second conspiracy for evidence of valor, unbreakable patriotic attitude and attachment to independency traditions, for blood shed in the defence of Homeland.
Lech Kaczyński FIGHT FOR REMEMBER AND organization Soon, on Sunday 1 March 2015, we will celebrate the Day of the Cursed Soldiers, or alternatively as we should say - the Day of the Unbreakable Soldiers. Their memory is restored in Poznań by a group of social workers active in this task for many months. Their efforts this year will be very peculiar - the monument will be unveiled, the building of which the Committee has been seeking for more than 2 years, the celebration of the Holy Mass will be held, a unique historical festival in the Square of Freedom in Poznań. Each associate will receive a peculiar booklet devoted to those whom the Poznańians were to forget, as all Poles were to forget. It was a long time before the Sejm passed the Act on the establishment of the National Day of Memory of the Cursed Soldiers on 1 March 2011.
Combatant environments, many patriotic organizations, technological associations, friends and families of those who died in the fight, were murdered in communist prisons, or they just left for the eternal watch, for years knocking on many doors with demands that free Poland yet pay tribute to their best Sons. For years, the answer was silence. In the second half of the first decade of the 21st century, hopes began to come true. The Appels of the Kombatant communities began to gain expanding support. Janusz Kurtyka, president of the IPN since the end of 2005, gave these efforts a strong impulse and acceleration. Among another things, on 19 November 2008 during a gathering at the Historical Institute of the University of Wrocław, with the participation of the Vice president of Opole Arkadiusz Karbowiak and an opolskie voivode agent for combatants and the repression of Bogdan Bocheński, it was decided to organize on 1 March 2009 in Opole.
Anti-communist Soldier Day. In a letter to president Opole, Ryszard Zembaczyński, president Kurty wrote that "the delight of paying tribute to members of armed independency organizations, fighting after planet War II with the authorities of the communist state, should be permanently included in the calendar of state celebrations".
On 28 February 2009, a resolution was adopted at the initiative of the president of Kurtyka and Jerzy Szmid at the 1st General Assembly of the Association of NZS 1980 supporting the initiative of the planet Association of National Army Soldiers, establishing the Day of the Cursed Soldiers on 1 March. The date of 1 March is not accidental. On that day in 1951, in Mokotów prison, communists shot in the back of the head with a shot at the leaders of the 4th Board of Freedom and independency Association – Łukasz Ciepliński and his comrades in the fight. They formed the last leadership of the last nationwide conspiracy continuing the work of the Home Army since 1945.
The business of Poland by the Red Army and the inclusion of half of its territory in the ZSRS made tens of thousands of soldiers not to lay down their weapons. They were prepared to fight for independence, to fulfill their oath. The postwar conspiracy of independency was – until the creation of Solidarity – the most many form of organized opposition of Polish society to the imposed power. In the year of top underground activity, 1945, there were 150-200 1000 conspirators, grouped in troops with very different orientations. 20 1000 of them fought in guerrilla troops. Another fewer 100 1000 were people providing partisans with commission, intelligence, shelter, and communications. any 20 1000 students from underground youth organizations against the Communists must be counted. In total, this gives a group of more than half a million people forming the unbreakable Soldiers community.
The last "forest" soldier of the ZWZ - AK, and later WiN – Józef Franczak "Daluś" was killed in the fight in October 1963. little than 2 months before his death in the Smolensk disaster, president Janusz Kurtyka said so “Rzeczpospolita” about his motives and IPN's commitment to restoring the memory of anti-communist underground soldiers:
We consider independency as 1 of the most crucial elements of our country's identity. In addition, the armed act and anti-communist activity in the name of independency after the Second planet War function in social consciousness to an insufficient and frequently falsified extent, which is the consequence of consistent policy of the PRL authorities. The communists did everything they could to detest the soldiers of independent Poland and their fight... It is apparent that, as we cultivate the memory of the Polish Underground State, so we should besides remember the actions of soldiers of the anti-communist conspiracy. due to the fact that it was a fight for independence. president Lech Kaczyński gave decisive support to the thought of Memorial Day.
He yet directed the bill to the Sejm last February. The National Day of Memory of the Cursed Soldiers is to be a tribute to the soldiers of the second conspiracy for their evidence of valor, unbreakable patriotic attitude and attachment to independency traditions, for blood shed in the defence of the Homeland – the justification of the task was clear. The enactment of the National Day of Memory of the Cursed Soldiers is simply a form of honoring their fight and sacrifice, but besides the pain and suffering they experienced throughout all the years of PRL and silence after 1989.
This is the communicative of the last guerrilla of planet War II, a solid soldier and many years cursed with the historical memory of Poles. In a tiny village in Lublin Voivodeship, Józef Franczak was killed in the fall of 1963 during a 45-year-old manhunt, wanted by a BOLO was AK-owiec.
He was the last soldier of the anti-communist underground. With his weapon in his hand, he hid precisely 24 years. It was an amazing year – 1963. John F. Kennedy dies in Dallas. Valentina Tiereshkova wave of humanity from the peri-terrestrial orbit. To sweeten the imperialists – The Beatles evidence the single "She Loves You". And in Poland? Our small stableness continues.
The sensational Zbigniew Pietrzykowski becomes Europe's champion in boxing for the 4th time, and Roman Zambrowski leaves KC, which is simply a clear signal that the period of errors and distortions is behind us. actual revelations, however, await the countrymen on a cultural episode. At the salves of spontaneous laughter, the premiere of "How to Be Loved" by Wojciech Has takes place in Warsaw, Bohdan Łazuka takes part in photos for the movie "Beata", while the sensational Zbigniew Maklakiewicz performs in as many as 4 films. And 1 more thing. In a tiny village close Piask in Lublin Voivodeship, Józef Franczak, 45-year-old, wanted by a BOLO was AK-owiec. Only recently, after the disclosure of SB's operational papers forty years ago, it turned out that he was the last Polish guerrilla. With his weapon in his hand, he hid precisely 24 years. The 80-year-old sister of Franczak Czesław Kasprzak in an empty home in Cologne Kębłów close Lublin has not much to do. The gnarly old woman tells the communicative of her conflict with the aphids. They tried to eat the ferns, but they failed. Suddenly, in her blue eyes, there are more vibrant fires.
– Not that my brother, but he had from God – sighs. - He was so handsome, so elegant, all of Józwa... respective photographs of Józef Franczak survived in papers from Lublin IPN. On 1 of them, the soldier is barely visible. Behind the bends and wipe the yellow paper you can only see clear eyes. They are broken by a wave of fashion. It was due to this hairstyle and manners of an elegant man that he got during the business a small tad nickname – “Dude”. The nickname stuck to him for years. But there were others. Sigismund Libera “Babinicz”, a Lubelszczyz guerrilla, called him “The Doll”.
In any reports it besides appears as “Guscow”. And after the war, erstwhile he left for Sopot to start a fresh life, he changed papers to Józef Baginski. 2 further photographs were taken in 1947. Ex-Akovs are a gang murderer for the power of the folk. The pictures don't show that they care. Satisfied, confident, armed. On 1 of the pictures of the “Doll” stands with a bare chest. He's kind of embarrassed. It's going forward, but it's not strong. In the next picture, 4 guerrillas phase the scene of a spy's arrest. "Dude" is playing it. I think he's laughing, and the another 3 are taking a shot at him. individual on the left hand side has him on a Pepesza gun, Valenty Waśkiewicz "Shoots" as if he was pulling out his papers, and Stanisław Kuchcewicz "Viktor" is taking a large swing and is about to rip his head off with a metallic flask. It's like playing with "sudden reaction dwarfs." In the next photograph, “Dude” stands behind. In a Tyrolean philuterically curved hat, it looks like a fairy tale of a red hood. And that white collar a la Slovak. quite a few laughs. But there's something in the photos that isn't fun anymore. There are numbers above the heads of bare men.
They were for identification. The photographs come from the archive of Zdzisław Bronski "Uskok". "Resort", as UB is referred to present in these pages, tracked him down in May 1949. "The Jump" blew himself up with a grenade in a besieged bunker. It was followed by an archive, including a diary and photographs written after the war. Thanks to them, the hunt for erstwhile AKs continued. The 3rd on the left Joseph Franczak ps. “Dolek” photograph taken most likely in 1948. From the left of Valenty Waśkowicz "Shoot" d-ca patrol in the department of Captain Bronski "Uskok", he was killed in 1949 in a fight with the UB operating group, Stanisław Kuchewicz "Viktor" NSZ soldier from the group of Major Pazderski "Szarego", after being broken up by the NKVD, fought in troops of the Sgt. Walewski's “Revenge” and Stefan Brzusz “Boruty”, since 1947 d-ca patrol captain “Uskok”, was shot dead by MO officer in 1953, Józef Franczak ps. “Dolek”, 4th on the left Julian Kowalczyk “Silent” died in the fight against UB in 1951. The "shot" from the first photograph was inactive captured in April 1949, "Victor" only in 1953. Unidentified partisans with Pepesia most likely fell into 1 of respective twelve another skirmishes. By 1956, the Lublin region had been roaring from night shots.
In time, there were less and fewer. Until they were completely quiet. However, the hunt continued. The hotel – step by step – tracked the last guerrilla in PRL. This 1 was sneaking distant like a ghost and slow turning into a surviving legend. I WAS NOT A PEOPLE'S WAR. His life communicative is simply a hunting story. He has been in problem since the German attack on Poland. But he got captured in Soviet. After a fewer days, he was out. He's gone. Like another soldiers, he most likely returned to his hometown after crossings. He immediately became active with the emerging conspiracy. This is precisely what Janusz Brochwicz-Lewiński "Grif" did. Today, this 85-year-old combatant tells us: – During the day we worked as workers, in the evenings there was training, and then at night we went for action. After a year, everyone had respective résumés.
I was a warehouseman, a mechanic, selling coal. And after the job, I'd settle things with the Germans. In the morning, I humbly recharged coal. After the accident – I went to the guerrillas. There I met “Babynicza” and “Lallusie”. Józef Franczak became squad leader and then platoon commander at the 3rd Lublin territory of the AK. He was 1 of 60,000 specified conspirators in Lublin. erstwhile the Red Army crossed Bug in July 1944, the long awaited action “Burza” began here. The intent of this insurrection was not so much to expel Germans, but to make the russian authorities aware that Poles were the host in liberated areas.
The biggest buoys were the 27th Volynska AK Division. She won the Lubarts, Kock and Firlej herself. Together with another troops, she gave up respective twelve cities and towns on a tray. AK's contacts with russian and Communist partisans then occurred. Zdzisław Broński "Uskok", the future commander of the "Lalyusia", described in the diary of Lt. AL "Black Vulture": "Butts anything besides big, due to the fact that "requisitioned".
One hangs an onuca, the another the prostatic spur is rusty. Polish uniform is besides tight and so unattached. A belt loaded with a gun, grenades falling below the abdomen. On the back is simply a mapboard landed with fat, onions and bread. On his head he needed to put on an officer's hornet, where he adorned his own thought with a red rag, and on the rag he fastened the hen." On July 25, the Soviets joined the first arrests.
27 are disarmed. Division, and 5 days later, the 9th AK Infantry Division. Slowly, from day to day, from 1 week to the next, the cells of the prison in Lublin castle and barracks in Majdanek begin to be filled with corpses (after erstwhile German hosts). "It was not until then that I could think of the thought – he continues "The Jump" – that the 'democratic' authorities could treat me as a criminal for being the commander of the guerrilla branch of the AK. That all non-communist organizations will be treated as "fascist" and "prohitler". So hostile freedom and democracy!... I didn't realize my efforts to aid The country will be treated as a work for Hitler." Franczak was incorporated into the People's Army in August 1944.
In Kąkolewnica, where his unit is stationed, he witnesses the execution of a conviction to death by a field court of AK colleagues. He defected from the army in January 1945 and decided to flee to Sweden. He said he had already taken place on the ship, knew a captain, and there was a chance he could get to Bornholm. At the station in Sopot, however, a neighbour from her native village accidentally spotted him. erstwhile she returned home, she told her communicative left and right. Soon, Franczak realized that UB was on his feet. At the turn of 1945/46 he returned to his hometown.
Right after that, he was led by a legendary soldier – Major Hieronim Dekutowski “The Dam”. There's the guerrilla again. Handsome and tall can't get distant with women. He's hiding, but for now he sees this as fantastic fun. On 17 June 1946, he played at a wedding in Chmielnik. The guests of the young couple – completely unnoticed – were surrounded by the UB operating group from Lublin and arrested. Among the wedding lovers were more enemies of the People's Poland. But war habits help... Partisans disarm respective convoys and flee. By the way, 4 officers are killed. 2 months later, “Dude” is again in distress erstwhile a militia enters his quarters in the village of Bojanica. 2 more dead bodies. erstwhile the communist authorities declared amnesty in early 1947, predicting that it would benefit respective 1000 people throughout the country, 53 000 armed soldiers are revealed. "Dude" not. But there's individual who's about to talk him into it.
SHOOTS LIKE THE FILM
Today, Danuta Mazur suffers from leg disease. He sits all day on the porch of a brick home in Exile. 59 years ago, somewhere in mid-1946, a friend of hers asked her father to stay with a forest boy. “This is the first time I saw him,” says an 80-year-old female today. He was handsome, he had a figure, a gentle voice. Well... it was in my taste. The 1 with the belly – he adds. And after her wrinkled face tears flow. Most of them met in the field. In secret from her father, though he belonged to Franczak's “careers” network.
Danuta took something to eat in her scarf and disappeared for a fewer minutes. It was easier to hide in the summer. advanced grain, all around the lush, youth hinted on how to hide. At first, it's just a rough meeting. Danuta reported and reported on the situation in the county. In time, however, business meetings turned into dating. “He brought me books, various affairs,” he says. He even erstwhile showed the Suez Canal in the atlas, claiming that the planet war would begin there and it would set us free. I believed it all due to the fact that he said he could convince everyone. Franczak doesn't want to exposure his fiancée. She may leave a souvenir on her windowsill at night, or she may feel that she is watching her hidden in the woods. Sometimes Danuta will find out that “Daluś” shot with a militia in Lublin, another time, that with “ubice” in Lubartów. She pretends she doesn't care.
After all, the war is over and everyone around us wants to live a average life. But the late 1940s is simply a time of terror. In Lublin, shootings are everyday things. UB and military in search of guerrillas arrest thousands of people, set fire to shacks, scare and beat. It comes to the conclusion that since mid-48, the Jump group, in which Franczak is now, has been sitting like a mouse under the broom and only erstwhile a period organises actions. The heads of municipal and region PPR committees, especially the fierce fixture of folk power, constables and impounders, die. Right after each action – retaliation. And then revenge for retaliation. Sometimes there's 1 victim, and then a twelve people die.
Historian Tomasz Łabiszewski of the IPN in collective work "Last Lesn" estimates that in the full country only in July 1948 the militia and UB carried out over 2,000 operations against "bands". respective tens of thousands of officers took part in the forest sweep. In May 1948, the patrol “Lalusia” falls into an ambush close the village of Gypsy close Lublin. 2 guerrillas are shot, 2 others are injured.
Their commander – after firing the magazine – disappears. He's sneaking out. He's not even scratched. "More and more people are falling into apathetic temper and are losing religion in fast change for the better. People are becoming more and more adaptable to the hated and strengthened order – due to the fact that you gotta live. We a fistful of losers – as they call us – become an oasis of religion and the will of triumph in the desert of uncertainty and hopelessness," noted the "Weakness". On Christmas Eve on December 24, 1948, the militia yet manages to catch “Lady”. Alone, he is amazed at the store in Exile. But he's faster this time, too. He shoots like a movie. 1 of the militiamen falls, he runs into the woods. He's hurt in the stomach. He'll be healing for a fewer months. During this time, however, the "Weak" is tracked down.
First, an informant named “Janek” releases the closest Bronski associate – “Babynicza”. In turn, the 1 tortured by the Lubartów urbeks reveals the location of the bunker, in which the charismatic commander hides. On May 21, the full bunker area is surrounded. After a short exchange of "Usk" shots he commits suicide. Satisfied officers paint the inscription on the board: "The Bunker and the 'Drop' way hit" and photograph it in the captured compartment. The full branch archive falls into their hands. On 1 of the photographs – above the head leaned over the map of Franczak – the number “one” appears. ADVOCATE FROM LUBLIN The communicative of the last Polish guerrilla should begin at this point. Across the country – according to the safety department – 250 more soldiers are hiding.
Above all, in Białystok and in Lublin. However, the guerrillas are increasingly in contact. Often, individual soldiers do not really know that they are already alone in their area. By February 1953, the last soldiers of the "Uskoka" operate, and in July, the multi-month hunt for seven-man patrol Lieutenant Wacław Grabowski "Puszczyk" close Mława ends. UB papers even preserved the bill for issuing their safe house. Agent "N-20" received a ridiculous PLN 5,000 for this. All 7 of them died. On the night of 2rd to 3rd March 1957 in the village of Jeziorko close Łomża, the SB-KBW operation group killed Lieutenant Stanislaw Marchewka "Ryba" – the last guerrilla in Białystok. In February 1959, Michał Krupa was arrested close Leżajska, and on 30 December 1961, “Dąb” – Andrzej Kiszka – falls into the Biygoraj district. "Dude" hides further.
Either he's very lucky, or he's the wisest. He's definitely determined. Although his closest associates, and in time, Danuta Mazur asked him to uncover himself, he refuses. A decisive gathering with Lublin lawyer Rachwald shortly after the April 1956 announcement of the last amnesty. Franczak showed up at the lawyer's flat completely unnoticed. He must have been very careful due to the fact that the city was crawling with security. The center of the repression apparatus was besides located there, and the officers knew the likeness of “Lalisya”. They besides knew that he was utilizing different tricks. For mirroring areas where he was expected to spend more time, he utilized to dress up as a woman. We know that he utilized to hide in Lublin. present there are incredible legends among the locals. That for a fewer years he went to the West, that he bribed respective advanced officers and hid in Warsaw.
That he was holding a weapon on any general, that he shot with his eyes closed, that he always hit... We know precisely what “Dude” talked to his lawyer about. Danuta Mazur, for whom this gathering may have meant legalizing her relationship, reveals the mystery of this evening. Franczak asked directly: – What do they have on him and what will he get in return for surrendering with a gun? If they put him distant for 15 years – he can come out, if for more – he will proceed to fight. The patron despite his amnesty had no good news: – You will not get distant with this. The authoritative dossier “Lady” was indeed impressive. The authorities charged him with respective murders.
The list was opened by 2 Jews, members of the People's Guard, shot in the Boxes in the winter of 1943 during the fight. The next 1 was complicit in shooting 4 militias in June 1946. Then Constable of Rybczewick and associate of PPR Zdzisław Dębski of Majdanek Kozicki. In 1948 Franczak had another Milicjant from Rybczewic on his conscience, and then the ORMO chief in the village of Wola Gardzienicka.
In August 1951, he was expected to shoot a secret UB associate in Passi village. The shootings in Bojanice, Gypsy, and Exile have besides occurred. It's not over. The file besides shows that on 10 February 1953, together with 2 another guerrillas, he organized an attack on the GS cash registry in Piaski, where the commander of the MO station is shot. Out of this action he is acquitted of the younger by little than a year Victoria Olszewska, a schoolmate. He wasn't robbing, he says. This is besides confirmed by Danuta Mazur. He claims that in time all the crimes in the area began to be attributed to him. The action on the money was also, although the “Dude” was only expected to send an anonymous message, in which he warned that the robbery was being prepared, but he had nothing to do with it.
Wasn't he? “Victor” was killed in the action, who was his commander. Janina Wilkołek, then a teenage girl, repeats what adults talked about: – Yes, he robbed, but gave distant to the poor. It was specified a Lublin Janosik. You can't get distant with life without a lawyer named Rachwald. However, he immediately added that only what the D.A. collected would be adequate for specified punishment. What UB has in its files is adequate to "accidentally" die in the course of an arrest or neglect to withstand the difficulties of the investigation. But in October 1956 the thaw began. AK soldiers sentenced to death punishment had begun to appear from prison. “I told him that my neighbour had returned to exile with a triple sentence,” recalls Danuta Mazur. He hesitated, but he didn't get over it. He hugged me and said he would never leave again. As if to confirm in the autumn of 1956 he won an ambulance carrying PLN 108 thousand. 3 years later, the case of Mieczysław Lipski, an officer of KW MO from Lublin, besides reaches his briefcase. "Dude" shot him in January 1959. Even then, he knew perfectly well that there was a deadly loop around him. “He suffered, and only God knows how much,” adds the erstwhile fiancée.
SOLDIERS OF EXHIBITION - THE COOKERS OF THE GYDOM.
And again before us Sunday, March 1, 2015 and National Day of the Unbreakable Soldiers (Cursed). The date is symbolic - execution in a prison in Warsaw Mokotów in the majesty of the communist law of the 4th Board of the Main Association "Freedom and Independence", the largest independency of the Poaków structure: Łukasz Ciepliński, Adam Lazarowicz, Mieczysław Kawalc, Józef Rzepka, Franciszek Błaży, Józef Bator and Karol Chmiel. Celebrations organized by various local and patriotic communities have already begun. There'll be speeches, movie shows.
The chance to show his patriotism and devotion to the tradition of free Poland did not pass, and indeed, president Bronisław Komorowski. He gave the Orders of the Cross of Independence, placed flowers under the plaque on the Justice Ministry building... In a word, a patriot erstwhile you look. This image is to be passed on to the public before the elections. Meanwhile, the fact is different, it's propaganda – nothing more, due to the fact that throughout the period of the governments of the Democratic Union and its clones with the Civic Platform included (and thus the political environment of the current president) Cursed soldiers and another anti-communists were actually cursed. Only the president of Lech Kaczyński and the PiS regulation reversed this card. It was at his initiative that Captain Witold Pilecki and General August Fieldorf "Nil" were posthumously awarded the Order of the White Eagle. The wrongs have begun to be corrected. And this for Kaczyński's presidency previously awarded awards and awards was deprived - in 2006 - of the death of a military prosecutor in England 2 years later,
Jewish Helena Wolińska-Brus, who signed an application to arrest “Nil”. And if it were not for the anti-communist Republican League, condemned by the alleged salon from worship and religion and prepared by it in the early 1990s an exhibition devoted to the soldiers of the anti-communist underground, the alleged Second Conspiracy – the word “Cursed Soldiers” would not be in public circulation at all. And if it wasn't for the Warsaw presidency of Lech Kaczyński, we might not have had it in the Warsaw Uprising Museum.
These are the facts. erstwhile I think of the Cursed Soldiers, it comes to head a quote from an article by Józef Mackiewicz from the London “News” of 1947:
What constitutes the russian method of action on the conquered nation? This method can be compared to surgery, which involves taking out the patient's brain and national heart.
But we know the first condition is to keep the patient calm. In this regard, Bolshevik surgery is not only not different from average surgery, but alternatively more dependent than any another 1 on the wisely applied stage, and the condition for its success is this terrible, silent, terrorized, mentally terrorized inactivity of society. His stillness. His physical subjection. A society that shoots can never be Bolshevized.
Bolshevism will not prevail until the last soldiers come out of hiding and obediently stand in their tails. It is in Poland that present the last shots of real Poles, which no 1 in the planet wants to call heroes, are going out in the woods. Yeah, they didn't want to stand up with a weapon and look passively at the communist panic flooding Poland. Those most famous, from the Second Conspiracy, Freedom and Independence, the National Army, the National Armed Forces, the National Military Unity, the National Citizen Army, the Conspiracy Polish Army, are "Anoda", "Iron", "Fire", "Krysia", "Promote", Andrzej Czaykowski, "Żbik"...
But they're not the only ones. These are many patriotic youth groups, including the 2nd Scouting Conspiracy forgotten today, with more than 140 organizations, specified as the Scouting Underground Organizations, the Black Hand (Blood Avenger Black Mask), the Scouting Armed Forces-Herzems, the Scouting National Army. They are besides miners who, in alleged free Poland, were denied the right of the oppressed, who, as young boys, paid slave labour in uranium mines in Poland and Soviets for their anti-communism.
Others were murdered in the casemates of the safety Office. Older inhabitants of Siedlec remember the night of 12 to 13 April 1945, erstwhile employees of the local territory Public safety Office executed without a court-martial and conviction of sixteen young people, suspected of conspiracy activity. These accidents were described (Piotr Jakucki) years ago in the text "Siedlecki mini-Katyń". And if black points meant the places where they died and where they lie to this day frequently in nameless graves fighting against the commune - the map of Poland would be black. Practically there is no village in which there would not be, those nameless besides – graves of victims of russian NKVD, Morges, UB, Military Information, Civic Militia, interior safety Corps... It's large that it's National Day of Cursed Soldiers, due to the fact that memory is the most crucial thing to the nation. But at the same time, the harm was not evened. The court murderers General “Nila” avoided responsibility.
A judaic woman, daughter of Moryc and Frajda of the Eisenmans Maria Gurowska, a justice who sentenced the head of Kedywu AK to death in 1998 before ending the trial for judicial assassination. During the hearing, the DA showed no remorse. erstwhile General Fieldorf's household asked president Bierut for his pardon, justice Gurowska gave an opinion on this request: Convicted Fieldorf does not deserve mercy. According to the court, there is no anticipation of rehabilitating a convict.... Kazimierz Górski, an investigator who interrogated Fieldorf for six months and prepared an indictment, lived until his death in Warsaw disturbed by nobody.
The judaic female Alicja Graff from the home of Fuks – a military prosecutor who sent a letter to the chief of Mokotov prison ordering the preparation and execution of the death conviction on the “Nil” general, besides to death never disturbed by the justice strategy of “free” Poland. Witold Gatner, the prosecutor overseeing the execution of the judgment, besides suffered no liability, small in alleged free Poland in the 1990s was the head of the squad of legal advisers of the company "Agros".
These fewer names are just a list of forensic criminals from 1 trial. And yet there were those from the TUN trial (the alleged military conspiracy, short for the names of Tatar, Utnik and Nowicki), there was military prosecutor Stefan Michnik, surviving peacefully outside the country today. The list of criminals is long, as long as the list of crimes they commit. Most of them have already died, helping to escape justice. We know that there were many unjudged criminals, specified as Stefan Michnik, Gatner, Wolinska after 1989: investigators, prosecutors and judges who sent soldiers of the Polish Underground State to death in the 1940s and 1950s, including the most celebrated ones: General August Emil Fieldorf and Captain Witold Pilecki. The perpetrators of opposition persecution from years closer to us can besides sleep peacefully. The ultimate Court has held that Communist crimes have passed a statute of limitations. All the efforts made by the IPN to punish MO or SB officers have been blown away.
Few those who beat up “Solidarity” people threatened to die and were convicted present are seeking compensation or compensation for wrongful punishment. Like the 3 officers of Toruń safety who followed their colleague after the profession of 63-year-old Mieczysław K. Witold P., Bronisław S. and Bogdan B. jointly request nearly PLN 500 1000 from the state. Bogdan S. in 2007 was sentenced to a year in prison in suspension and little than PLN 1.3 1000 financial penalties for the persecution of the printers of Toruń Solidarity Informator. Now, after the annulment of the judgment, he demands from the state as much as PLN 320 thousand.
As he says, “it is hard to measure the immensity of the harm caused by this coldly planned extermination, carried out against me by the IPN.” His colleagues are humbler: Witold P. wants over PLN 107 thousand, and Bronisław S., who during his trial confessed that he is "proud of working in SB". As should be expected – this is the beginning, all the more so, that in the full country the IPN was able to mention about 300 cases to courts for communist crimes, most of which were tried. In the 1990s, the Republican League carried out a successful action “Call ubek”, late another youth camp – KoLiber – started another one, this time under the slogan “Drop the Bolshevik monument”. Given the strong device of power, this action will stay a cry in the wilderness. It is hard in a non-decommunist country to request justice effectively. Despite Szczepkowska's actress, communism did not end in Poland on 4 June 1989. Homo sovieticus flourished in a different form and is well. The movie about General “Nil” does not change this picture.
ROMAN KRYSZE KAT STALINOWSKI, JUDER OF JUDICIAL SOLDIERS EXCUSED.
Roman Kryże (born 4 July 1907 in Lviv, born 23 March 1983 in Warsaw) is simply a Polish lawyer, lieutenant colonel, justice ruling in political trials, officer of the Stalinist repression apparatus. boy of Tomasz Kryza and Aleksandra of Józwiak.
JUDICIAL JUDGMENTS
He took part in the judgement of convictions, including the death penalty, in cases against the underground activists of independence, including the captain Witold Pilecki and Major Tadeusz Pleśniak. In 1964, he was the president of the judge's squad who issued convictions in the alleged meat scandal case. Many of the convictions handed down by him were considered after 1989 to be judicial murders. The impertinence in issuing death sentences during the Stalinist period besides contributed to the coining of the phrase: “The justice of the Criss – there will be crosses”, as well as the word “hidden”.
The word was used, among others, by a well-known lawyer and defender in the political processes of Władysław Siła-Nowicki.
Aleksander Szumański, a past witness - an independent journalist, correspondent of the planet Polish press, accredited (US) in Poland from 2005 to 2014, prosecuted and sentenced to death by German occupiers.
Kombatant - Repressed individual - certificate of the rights of the Kombatants and Repressed Persons No. B 18668/KT3621.
Member of the Association of the Jews of the Kombatants and the Damaged in planet War II. No. 122.
Documents, sources, quotations:
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Piotr Jakucki blog‹ Service No. 241RODZINNA past First woman of Poland Anna Komorowska ›
