Łukasz Kamieński's "Mimovolent Cyborgs" is simply a fascinating journey to the planet of man-machines and the latest achievements of science. Reaching for hard data from technology and bioengineering and referring to pop culture, Kamienski describes a long way from the super-warrior Achilles to the dystopian visions of the close future (from Mat. Publisher).
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1. Let's meet a cyborg
The weakest link
A soldier is simply a biological system, and in biotechnology
Sleeps a unique possible to improve productivity
the most complex, critical and costly among
all military systems.
STAR 21. strategical Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century [1]
The military does not associate with fantastic visions, but with hard treading on the ground. Its task is to lead a war, or as the ancient Chinese thinker Sun Tzu, “the top substance of the state, the basis of life and death”[2], wrote in the 6th and 5th centuries B.C.E. Nevertheless, over the course of history, different ideas and projects were not uncommon, more suited to the imagination of discipline fiction than to the military world. past has specified examples. In the second half of the 20th century we will find quite a few them in the United States. From the task “Orion” – the construction of a nuclear-powered spacecraft in the form of thousands of atomic explosions, developed since 1958 by the Advanced investigation Projects Agency (ARPA) – to attempts to usage microwaves to control the head and influence the behaviour of the opponent, undertaken in the late 1960s under another task of this agency under the name “Pandora”. From non-lethal weapons through experimenting with the LSD Army Chemical Corps to ideas from the early 1960s to by means of mass hypnosis to strengthen the support of the local population for the South Vietnamese government[3].
The military kept dreaming. They constantly dream of futuristic technologies that would enable them to take advantage of their opponent.
Looking at today's ideas, plans, investigation projects, discoveries and experiments, you can recreate the imagination of the dream soldier of the future. In 2017, a peculiar council for the usage of biotechnology for human wellness and productivity was set up by the US Department of Defense. Its members were given an ambitious task. They were to identify these emerging technologies and innovative solutions for strengthening human capabilities and performance that could find real combat applications by the mid-21st century.
The consequence of the team's work is simply a study presented in October 2019 Cyborg Soldier 2050 devoted to the military implications of human and device fusion.
This paper will be my frequent mention point. In places it is read like a collection of amazing ideas by the screenwriter of the movie SF. Like many another military forecasts and visionary documents. So let's decision in time. The year is 2040. More and more military activities are being carried out at a distance. From behind monitors and cockpits, “fotel warriors” are fighting: operators of communication and logistics systems, intelligence analysts, drone operators, cyber warriors conducting electronic attacks and many others. straight in the conflict space there are less soldiers than machines – ground-based four- and two-legged robotic vehicles over which airborne unmanned vehicles float. How are the fewer who are inactive fighting in reality equipped? What technologies are supported by a peculiar unit commando?
He wears a lightweight automated suit with built-in ergonomic exoskeletal strategy that relieves him, prevents injuries and increases the efficiency of movements. The strategy recognizes the user's intentions in good time with microsensors implanted under the skin that read nerve signals. The costume is made of nanoparticles of ultramodern materials. They are highly durable and have excellent protective abilities. At the minute of being hit by a bullet, shrapnel, or another object, kinetic energy spreads to many atoms. This prevents the rupture of molecular bonds and absorbs a large part of the impact force[4]. Adjacent to the body intelligent fabric expands or tightens like a membrane depending on weather conditions, providing the body with adequate thermal protection. The uniforms besides adjust their colour to the environment, allowing automated camouflage. The full outfit is filled with microsensors that monitor the body all the time. They collect data on muscle tone, blood pressure, body temperature and the level of hydration. They transmit them to artificial intelligence algorithms that constantly check physiological and cognitive personnel position indicators. They compare them with individual base parameters and erstwhile they detect exceeding standards, they alert whom they request – medical officers, commanders, exocombineson – or decide for themselves to evacuate a soldier. The command centre shall be kept informed of the deterioration of the condition, decline in concentration or exhaustion of individual soldiers[5]. In a life-threatening situation, an applicator built into the suit pierces the skin, administering the appropriate drug, for example antishock.
The soldier has an electronic tattoo that hides a ‘skin electronic reader’ for downloading files. The tattoo fluid “insects into the skin and acts as a kind of pillow over and under tiny silicone chips combined in an origami-like pattern”[6]. And under the skin, he wears a chip with a microtransmitter. It performs respective functions. It is an authorization card that gives access to databases, facilities, rooms, vehicles and devices. It is besides a bionic identifier. Not only did he replace the conventional dog tags, but he besides saves lives. The doctor puts a reader to the hand of an injured soldier and immediately sees information about his blood type, medication, past illness, allergies and allergies, and so on. The implant automatically receives and transmits a satellite signal, so that the soldiers can be located and tracked on electronic maps of the theatre of combat. The command of the chipped army became full computerized and virtualized. Implants constantly inform about the activity of individual soldiers, and advanced intelligent algorithms analyse the activities of full formations.
There's a variety of nanosensobots in the commando's body. They are besides " patrol units" and "fast consequence units". They measurement and monitor the level of various biochemical markers that indicate the condition and condition of the body. If they detect a serious disturbance in their parameters, they will release appropriate personalized doses of medicines. Pharmaconobots besides optimize the fighting organism, giving it tiny amounts of stimulants of the next generation or vitamin and protein cocktails. They besides improve overall performance – rather like artificial hemoglobin molecules “deliver much more oxygen than average red blood cells”[7]. The breakthrough that allowed the creation of specified nanocommands was to make a microchipa in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) laboratories with built-in panels containing hundreds of respective micrograms of pharmaceuticals[8].
Weared on the body and in the body electronics in a large part is powered by the body itself. tiny amounts of energy are captured from the body or by the body and converted with appropriate transducers into electricity. Miniature devices in shoes collect energy generated during movement. Adjacent to the skin, tiny thermoelectric generators convert body heat to electricity. And tiny systems of ultrathin, flexible and highly efficient solar cells make energy from light[9].
Dressed in transversal e-mundur microelectronics, wearing incrusted exoskeletal sensors and chipped commando has become a sensor and an integral link of the hybrid network. It was combined with electronics, intelligent algorithms, weapon systems, unmanned vehicles, and associates. It became part of the net of military goods and soldiers.
The Americans were seduced by the thought of strengthening and improving man. Improvement has become a key means of achieving the objectives of the US 3rd offset strategy (Third offset strategy).
What lies below the enigmatic concept of offset strategy, which is popular in the planet of military experts in the United States? He believes that global tactical and strategical dominance can only give the United States a technological advantage. It will enable Americans to balance the military possible of their opponents (offset it means, inter alia, ‘balancing’, ‘compensation’. This is an expression of a typical American belief in the power of technology. Its absolutisation leads to the belief that new, better, more advanced machines will be able to solve any problem and will supply you with an unwavering military position. The first offset strategy came at the time of the Cold War and focused on atomic weapons and related systems, mainly rockets. The second developed during the post-war information revolution and symbolically associated with the Gulf War in 1990–1991. Furthermore, the concept of offset strategy itself is simply a conceptual remake popular just after the Gulf conflict of the thought of a "revolution in military matters", which described the transformational impact of fresh technologies on the nature of war[10]. The second offset has become a computerized command, control and communication strategy (in military acronym jargon it is C3: Command, control and communication) and precision guided weapons, i.e. popular "smart bombs" (smart bombs).
The logical continuation is the 3rd offset strategy, which aims to guarantee the United States military dominance for the next 4th of a century. Its aim is, as 1 commentator writes, "to effort to compensate for the shrinking structure of the US armed forces and their decreasing technological advantage in the era of rivalry of the large powers"[11].
It aims to make and implement large-scale automated and autonomous systems. As more intelligent machines will execute more and more combat tasks, soldiers must be able to work closely with them. The full strategy was based on 5 main elements, which was pointed out in 2015 by Deputy Secretary of defence in Barack Obama's administration Robert Work. These are:
• based on large Data autonomous learning machines and systems that adapt to changing circumstances (autonomous deep learning machines and systems),
• close cooperation between man and machines that aid him process immense amounts of data and aid him make decisions (Human-machine collaboration),
• human efficiency enhancers (assist-human operations),
• advanced coordination and cooperation of human and device teams (advanced human-machine teaming) and
• networked semi-tonomic weapon systems for cyberwar[12].
So far, the weakness of this modern version of offset strategy lies in the luca which separates man from increasingly complex and "intelligent" algorithms and machines. The main challenge would be this: the soldier must become more compatible with SI-based systems. The intensive improvement of military technology is increasingly leaving man behind. Burdened by the natural baggage of human weaknesses and limited capabilities, it does not keep up with its algorithmic speed. Human condition has become an obstacle.
Due to the constant improvement of hardware and software, the amount of data inside the large cybernetic cocoon that engulfs the military device is increasing from period to month. As early as 2012, General David Deptula warned: "We will shortly be swimming in sensors and drowning in data", which more and more unmanned platforms provide. However, neither Deptula nor any another general even suggested that the answer could be to collect less data[13]. specified a solution was inconceivable. The fast technologicalization of the fighting space is like a self-propelled process. The more information, the greater the request for communication frequencies to transmit them. And since there are more links and channels, there's even more data. This is an information revolution trap. [...]
Footnotes:
[1] STAR 21. strategical Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century, National investigation Council, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001, p. 151, all translations if not indicated
otherwise, they come from the author.
[2] Sun Tzu, Art of War [in:] the same, Sun Pin, Art of War, crowds. D. Bakalarz, Gliwice: Helion, 2004, p. 60.
[3] Sh. Weinberger, The Imaginers of War. The Untold communicative of DARPA, the Pentagon Agency That hung the World, fresh York: Vintage Books, 2017, pp. 49–50, 107, 191–195; L. Kamieński, The Pharmacology of War. past of drugs on the battlefield, Kraków: Jagiellonian University Publishing House, 2012, pp. 243–299.
[4] M. R. Khan, H. Mahfuz, Th. Leventouri, Effect of Strain Hardening on the Elastic Properties and Standardized Velocity of Hybrid UHMWPE–Nylon 6-SWCNT Nanocomposites Fiber, "Journal of Material investigation 2012, 27(20), pp. 2657–2667; P. Tucker, 1 Step Closer to a Batsuit for Soldiers, "Defense One", 4.02.2020, defenseone.com, bit.ly/3KpQMbL, accessed: 20.01.2022.
[5] Y. N. Harari, Homo deus. Short communicative of tomorrow, crowd. M. Romanek, Kraków: Literary Publishing House, 2018, p. 401.
[6] P. W. Singer, A. Cole, Ghost Fleet. The next planet war, the crowd. M. Antosiewicz, Warsaw: Bellona, 2017, pp. 215–216.
[7] Ibid. p. 327.
[8] Teva, Microchips Biotech Partner on Digital Drug transportation Technology, "CenterWatch", 22.06.2015, centerwatch.com, bit.ly/3qMvAVL, accessed: 20.01.2022.
[9] W. Ren and others, High-Performance Wearable Thermoelectric Generator with Self-Healing, Recycling, and Lego-Like Reconfiguring Capabilities, "Science Advances" 2021, 7(7), DO I: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0586; S. Park and others, Self-Powered Ultra-Flexible Electronics via 291Nano-Grating-Paterned Organic Photovoltaics, "Nature", 26.09.2018, 561, pp. 516–521.
[10] See L. Kamienski, Technology and the War of the Future. Around the atomic and information revolution in military matters, Kraków: Jagiellonian University Publishing House, 2009.
[11] M. Eaglen, What is the 3rd Offset Strategy?, "Real Clear Defense", 16.02.2016, realclearefense.com, bit.ly/3FIPftN, accessed: 20.01.2022.
[12] A. Mehta, Work Outlines Key Steps in 3rd Offset Tech Development, "Defense News", 14.12.2015, defenses.com, bit.ly/3f IWuY1, accessed: 20.01.2022; R. H. Latiff, Future War. Preparing for the fresh Global Battlefield, fresh York: Vintage Books, 2017, pp. 25–26.
[13] Quoted for: I. Porche and Others, Data Flood. Helping the Navy Address the Rising Tide of Sensor Information, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2014, p. III.
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