Historical calendar – the anniversary of the authoritative beginning of the January Uprising. It ended with a full defeat and a simplification in the scope of Poland, especially at the ends.
Today in our calendar we will look at the causes of the outbreak of fighting.
In 1856, martial law was abolished in the Kingdom of Poland, and in the following years there was a slow restoration of rights and freedoms. The panic of the secret police and censorship have been reduced. In 1857, Tsar Alexander II authorized the creation of Agricultural Society – the first since the creation of a November independent organization from the government of the association of landowners. It took care to increase the productivity of agricultural production in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, and sought the final abolition of serfdom and the appropriation of peasants.
On its basis, the so-called. The White Party, i.e. a political camp bringing together Polish landowners and entrepreneurs, who sought to reconstruct the Kingdom of political autonomy, self-government, Polish administration and the Polish army, i.e. everything that destroyed the 1830 revolt. The Whites did not want a fresh uprising due to the fact that they were afraid of the return of repression. They saw the implementation of their demands as part of average cooperation with the Russians.
Any recovery of full sovereignty was linked only to the intervention of neighbouring states in the host war. Major activists The White Party This Leopold Kronenberg, Andrzej Artur Zamoyski and Karol Ruprecht.
Under specified conditions, revolutionary activity was inspired almost exclusively by abroad. Apart from the Democratic-communist Revolutionary Cluster of London, the first plan was made by the Italian coal-minors Ludwik Mierosławski, the organizer of the riots in Wielkopolska in 1846. His associates can be found in many secret, national organizations bound before the uprising.
The aim of the coalworkers was to make a social revolution in Poland, at the beginning under volatile patriotic and national freedom slogans.
The idealist and incorrect insurrectionist Mierosławski, they disinformationed and inspired specified people as young Jan Kurzyna. Coming from Warsaw, Kurzyna joined the seminary of the clergy in Prusian Opole, but he appeared, most likely influenced by an officer, who was a Muslim Mullah. Upon his return to Warsaw, he joined the Medical and Surgical Academy, where he founded a ellipse of conspirators with the intention of creating an uprising.
After the revolt of 1859 students, Kursyna was arrested and as a provocation, handed over to Prussia (due to his earlier stay in Opole). The Prussians have strangely not applied any repression to him. A young revolutionary left for Paris, where he became an associate of Mierosławski. In August 1862, he was relegated to Warsaw where he dealt with the tied up there National Central Committee, however, overcompatibility Committee caused him to establish his own organization called Revolutionary National Union.
As part of his activity, he travelled around the country agitating to the uprising and returning to Paris, introduced himself to Mierosławski as a abroad correspondent Union and an crucial figure in the national conspiracy. He then demanded from him exclusive contact with the country for himself and his friend Karol Majewski, a neophyte of judaic origin. Under the influence of stories of mass conspiracy and almost certain success of the rally, Mierosławski was tempted to presume the leadership function of the dictator of the uprising.
During Mierosławski's journey to the country, Kursyna accompanied him as a individual secretary. He then planned an outbreak of rebellion in the Austrian partition. The unfortunate departure to Krakow ended with the arrest of Kurzyna by the imperial police along with 23 1000 francs from the insurgent's bank. Under mysterious circumstances, the conspirator escaped from a detention facility specially prepared for him in a prison wall.
After his release, Kursina planned to overthrow 1 of the successive dictators of the uprising – Romuald Traugutt, who was accused of dismissing utmost Red organization activists from power. In 1864 he created Union of Polish Patriots with the intention of resuming insurgent battles, but another conspirators met on it. Even Mierosławski no longer trusted him and even openly accused him of treason. The horse died in 1865 in Swiss Zurich, after a duel with the erstwhile Adjutant Mierosławski, Alexander Guttra.
In the late 1950s – those and 60s – of the 19th century, a number of another secret organizations were created. They were e.g. Trojnicki Union at the University of Kiev and cooperating with it Circle of Polish Officers in Petersburg, a group of Polish listeners of the Tsaric Academy of General Staff. Wheel president Zygmunt Sierakowski, who in the years preceding the outbreak, communicated with Garibaldi and another highly placed European coalworkers.
The activity of Jankowski's Narcissus was rather mysterious. This man was to leave the Czarski army, sale his full property in Ukraine and devote it to revolutionary purposes. He arrived in Warsaw in 1858, where he began energetically organizing conspiracy circles among students of the Medical – Surgeon Academy. In his activity, he contacted, among others, the Kiev Trojan Union, John Kurzyna, Louis Mierosławski and conspirators in Krakow and Paris.
At the end of 1859, he attempted to merge underground organizations and start an uprising. He managed to merge respective extremist conspiracy groups, but formed so-called. The National Society and the Warsaw Chapter did not work for long. They fell into interior disputes, and the end of their existence was the arrest of Narcissus Jankowski by Austrians in July 1860.
The activities of the secret organizations caused revolutionary sentiments in Kingdom society. Poles naively thought that the defeat in the Crimean war weakened Russia adequate that it was the success of a fresh uprising. Nothing more incorrect – the war effort against Turkey, France and the United Kingdom was limited both territorially and militarily and Russia lost its prestige but its military power was not broken.
In addition, the armed revolt had any chance only during the Crimean war, or between 1853 and 1856, alternatively than a number of years after it, erstwhile the carat had licked his, not very deep wounds.
The emergence in patriotic and revolutionary sentiments led to street demonstrations at first. The first patriotic manifestations took place in 1859. They were associated with anniversaries for the souls of the dead national witches Mickiewicz, Krasiński and Slovak. In October 1860, the demonstration interrupted the monarchs' convention in Warsaw and, acting on the initiative of Mierosławski Franciszek Godlewski, failed the seats of the Teatr Wielki with a stinking liquid, disrupting the exhibition of art.
Godlewski worked with Apollo Korzenowski. Apollo (father of author Joseph Conrad) prepared various manifestations with Godlewski, e.g. celebration of the anniversary of the Lublin Union or ceremony primacyAntoni Fijałkowskiwhich were patriotic and anti-Russian.
On 27 February 1861, under the slogan of social reforms, another large manifestation was organised. The anti-Russian slogans were raised during the process, which caused the intervention of the imperial troops. Killed and wounded. The deteriorating moods and fears of the outbreak of the open uprising caused the Russians to appoint a fresh manager of the Government Committee on spiritual Confessions and Public Enlightenment in March. It was arranged to the possessor, Aleksander Wielopolski.
The entrepreneurship Earl full utilized his position – he multiplied the number of primary schools and converted the Medical and Surgical Academy into Main SchoolA de facto university. Then started Council of State of the Kingdom of Poland, he ordered the public administration by removing Russians from it and replacing them with Poles, he besides promoted self-government to return. At the same time he pushed the so-called. Conjuncture Actwhich allowed the usage of force against demonstrators and provokers.
The consequence of the fresh law was the massacre of Warsaw's population protesting in Castle Square of 8 April 1861. The actions of Wielopolskie have come across strong opposition of both Polish opposition and powerful tsarist environments. Poles accused him of being besides submissive and even betraying national interests. Godlewski and Korzenowski organised a boycott of the September 1861 local elections, and the manifestations took on an anti-Russian character, besides anti-government.
Some Russian elites, in turn, looked at the actions of Multipolska, resulting in regaining autonomy by the Kingdom of Poland.
Subsequent provocative manifestations led to the restoration of martial law in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland on October 14, 1861. Already 3 days later, in the home of Korzenowski the alleged 1 became attached. Urban Committee That is, a secret conspiracy organization that aims at creating an uprising. The conspirators undertook to build a conspiracy network of agents and an underground military organization. They conducted a secret recruiting of troops that shared the decimal strategy with thousands, centurions, and tithes at the head.
The most active activists of the organization were Jan Frankowski, Jarosław Dąbrowski and Franciszek Godlewski. The second issued an underground letter of the title Rise and shine. In 1862 Urban Committee transformed into National Central Committee.
The escalation of the conflict led to the consolidation of the national and abroad utmost opposition, resulting in the creation of the so-called. Red Party. The Reds managed the moods of the crowds skillfully as part of patriotic marches, resisting amicable politics White and Leopold Kronenberg’s initiative Urban Delegationwhich has set itself the goal of countering further provocations and street mischief. They sought the fast outbreak of the uprising, to which they tried to pull the peasants in massively, promising them full expropriation.
Their steering layer consisted of environments around Warsaw Medical – Surgeon Academy, sceptically oriented to the politics of Wielopolski and especially to the reorganization of their universities. Meanwhile, Wielopolski himself left for St. Petersburg, where in 1862, threatening the outbreak, he obtained the Tsar's approval for wider reforms and returned to the country as a de facto Prime Minister of the Government of the Kingdom of Poland.
The Count's fresh powers and plans (including full gratuitous peasants and the restoration of the Polish Army on principles prior to 1830) enraged the conspirators who decided to kill him. On August 7, 1862, Louis Ryll and Jan Rzoniec carried out an unsuccessful assassination effort on his life, which was repeated with the same negative effect on August 15. The effort was besides made to kill the fresh politician of the Kingdom of Poland, Konstanty Mikołajewicz. 2 assassinations were carried out on his life, but he was not harmed. The reaction of Prince Konstanty was interesting, who did not take revenge and declared that the assassinations did not make the full Polish nation responsible.
On the contrary – on the occasion of his son's birth, he announced an amnesty for any political prisoners. However, Amnesty did not include assassins on his and Wielopolski's lives. Jan Rzoniec, Ludwik Ryll and Ludwik Jaroszyński, as terrorists were sentenced to death and hanged on the slopes of the Warsaw Citadel. This led to further radicalisation of the Red organization conspirators.
In mid-1862, the secret tsarist police broke up respective groups of revolutionaries and not only Polish. In Warsaw, there was a Russian revolutionary ellipse connected with coal industry, which was headed by Tsaric officers specified as Andriy Potebnia. They sought to cooperate with Poles and to fight the Tsar together. In June 1862, Potebnia attempted to assassinate the military politician of the Kingdom of Poland Alexander Lüders by wounding him hard. any Russian conspirators were arrested and sentenced to death, nevertheless Potebni managed to escape.
From September to December 1862, the Tsarist authorities slow abolished martial law, first in the Radom state and then in the remaining provinces, in addition to the capital and respective of the most extremist cities. The coolness of the militant moods caused the Red organization conspirators to lose their ground under their feet, which is why they accelerated preparations for the outbreak of fighting. The reaction of the authorities was to usage an unfortunate way of discharging moods or performing extraordinary Brands to the Russian army.
The Branka was ordered by number Aleksander Wielopolski in agreement with Oberpolicajst Sergey Muchanov. Planned for January 14, 1863, the action proved to be a fiasco and alternatively of preventing the uprising, it only accelerated it. At this point, the question should be asked whether the thought of forced conscription was to be a provocation from the very beginning, aimed at the outbreak of the revolution at an adverse winter time of the year.
In any case, the youth under the brand was prejudiced by a branched network of conspirators and then fled into the forest and joined the fast formation of insurgent troops. The rebellion broke out on January 22.
Feared by the situation, the white organization proposed to Wielopolski to cooperate to relieve tension in the Kingdom. This 1 refused, with determination to face and destruct the conspirators. He hoped that playing with the brand for the military would pacify the moods, comparatively limit the strength of the rebellion, which he would crush and be able to proceed his improvement work peacefully. News of the outbreak of 22 January 1863 marked with the words “the ulcer burst.” Unfortunately, the prolonged fighting led to the collapse of Czarski's trust in him and his resignation.
The bitter count, called a “traitor” by Poles, went abroad and never appeared in the country again.
Previous entry from our calendar is available Here.
