However, my interest in Kennedy's execution and its implications never expired. Researchers in this case were discovering fresh information that was constantly being rejected by the U.S. government. The top revelation for me was the late discovery that an additional bullet was found in Kennedy's body, that the president's brain had disappeared, and the confirmation by Victor Marchetti and Richard Helms that Clay Shaw was an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency.
(Jim Garrison (1921–1992) is an American politician and lawyer associate of the Democratic Party, fresh Orleans territory lawyer from 1962–1973. Known for his investigation into the execution of president John F. Kennedy).
In 1978 and 1979, the Homicide Committee conducted appropriate interrogations and, following a transparent course to breathe a fresh life into the dying Warren Commission report, resisting, but agreed to conclude that Kennedy was “probably murdered as a consequence of a conspiracy.”
The Committee had no another alternate after its distinguished experts discovered that in addition to shots fired at the president in the back, they were besides shot from above the hill in the front. Nevertheless, the Committee felt that the shot at the front was missed and so Oswald remained Kennedy's only killer. This was a circular way to admit that Warren's Commission study was "almost" true, but for the shooter in the front. It was added that it was theoretically possible for Oswald and the shooter from behind a hill covered with grass, so in specified a case there can be no conspiracy at all.
Prior to self-solvation, the committee called on the Ministry of Justice to consider reopening the investigation and transmitted a secret study on recently discovered circumstantial evidence. The consequence of this proposal was almost a decade of silence. (The silence was interrupted without publicity in September 1988 by the news that the Justice Department had previously advised the president of the Legal Committee of the home of Representatives to consider that no convincing evidence of the conspiracy was found).
Since Kennedy's murder, a lot has changed in our public awareness. We went through as citizens by many: Martin Luther King, Jr., Robert Kennedy, Medgar Evers and Malcolm X were murdered. There were attempts to execution presidential candidate Georg Wallace, president Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan. We experienced 9 terrible years of war in Vietnam, and Watergate scandals, revelations of CIA activity in the 1970s, and most late Iran-Contras. This extraordinary series of events ended our sense of innocence.
Looking back present on fresh information and fresh analyses, it seems possible to combine well-informed historical speculation about what happened to president Kennedy and why.
In my opinion, what happened on November 22, 1963 at the Dealey Plaza was a coup d'état.
I believe that it was provoked and planned long before by fanatical anti-communists from U.S. intelligence and made by individual officers of the CIA camera and another non-governmental collaborators, most likely without authoritative approval. He was then covered up by likewise reasoning FBI individuals from Secret Service, Dallas police, and military. Their main nonsubjective was to halt Kennedy from seeking to relax in relations with the USSR and Cuba and to end the Cold War.
A coup d'état is usually described as a abrupt action in which individuals or groups of individuals, utilizing usually limited violence, capture the positions of power, of course, beyond the law essential to legitimately embrace these positions. A successful coup requires many conditions: detailed planning and preparation of authors (responsible for the assassination), cooperation of the Pretorian Guard, i.e. government and president safety officers, masking the assassination by diverting attention from it, approving it by a fresh government comprising power, spreading misinformation by the media. If the requirements above are already acquainted to us, it is precisely due to the execution of John Kennedy.
I don't know erstwhile precisely the planning and preparation of the coup began. This could have happened in a sense as early as late 1960, erstwhile the CIA was preparing the presidential-elect dossier. The intellectual profile thus developed was intended to facilitate “work” for the CIA or any of its individuals. Subsequently, the authors of this profile were afraid with possible manipulation of abroad policy. No preliminary steps were most likely taken to organise the assassination before Kennedy turned to relaxation, especially erstwhile conventional policy control measures failed. The execution of an uncomfortable president then became an crucial option in the minds of any influential individuals and CIA circles.
I'm not certain who started planning. I besides know that Guy Banister was very early active in the crime. People from his organization, Friends of Democratic Cuba were the first to incarnate in January 1961 in Lee Oswald, attempting to buy 10 vans from Bolton Ford's fresh Orleans dealer to be utilized during an invasion of Bay of Pigs. By the summertime of 1963, Banister was profoundly active in anticastric activities ranging from training guerrillas at Lake Pontchertrain to collecting ammunition for the attack on Cuba. The fact that Banister worked with the CIA at the time was not the subject of serious discussion.
Another of his tasks in the summertime of 1963 was to fabricate Lee Oswald's image as a manic communist. Although no 1 has always located a real Fair Play for Cuba cell in fresh Orleans, Banister sent Oswald to the street to hand out flyers to this organization. He provided him a area on the 3rd level of the Newman building and met him occasionally in his own office. Oswald's “legends” were prepared as planned. After the President's murder, Oswald was immediately stigmatized as a Communist, with this distribution of flyers being taken as the crown evidence of his guilt.
The creators of the political execution arranged many another scenes in which Lee Oswald or his double performed personally. It was no uncertainty about creating incriminating evidence. The most crucial appearance of his double took place in Mexico in October 1963 when, as it was noted, “Oswald” contacted the russian embassy and the Cuban consulate, ostentatiously preparing a journey to the USSR. The reason for this impersonation was from the documentation the CIA needed. All the evidence to date (CIA notes, photographs of a man who, of course, was not the real Lee Oswald, tapes with recorded conversations at the USSR embassy, where you surely can't hear Oswald's voice) were frighteningly weak. This meant, in my opinion, that while any CIA men were active in creating Oswald's double, thus preparing him as a future scapegoat, another CIA agents were not informed of the game or were actually trying to detect not very clear truth.
Oswald seems to have been manipulated by the CIA for a long time and could indeed believe he was working for the government himself. He was besides a secret informant for the FBI. However, this work gave him additional control and could supply him with reason to believe that he was active in an investigation into the planned assassination of the President. His ties to the FBI rise quite a few questions. To what degree did the FBI and the secret services work together to organize the assassination? It would seem that no of the agendas took clear action before the Kennedy assassination, although all these organizations showed remarkable inactivity erstwhile activity was needed.
This brings us to the second component essential for a successful coup: the cooperation of the Praetorian Guards. The coup d'état does not require the support of a crucial number of government officers or public opinion. The assassins can represent the population's minority, but erstwhile they safe the support of the Praetorian Guard, the majority becomes irrelevant.
The modern counterparts of the ancient Praetorian defender are secret intelligence police in the United States, starting with the tiny handheld Secret Service, extending to the FBI, intelligence departments in individual national departments, Defence Intelligence Agency and CIA. Without this key component of the modern Praetorian Guard, a coup would be impossible to carry out, but with it – it besides proved unstoppable.
The Praetorian defender is highly crucial for the success of the assassination, as its members were able to vanish abruptly at a crucial minute to defend the President. The removal of Caligula's Caesar in a substance of seconds and the insertion of Claudius into his place was surely not an accidental consequence of the abrupt but unnoticeable disappearance of persons from security. Similarly, it was in president Kennedy's case – the full action lasted about 6 seconds, after which the old president was replaced by a fresh – Lyndon Johnson.
A informing of an effort to execution the president in Dallas on 22 or 23 November was telexed to all peculiar FBI agent across the country, after which it was peacefully underestimated.
The bulletproof windows were removed – not to know why by the Secret Service. Windows and roofs of the building along the way have not been adequately secured. At the last minute, this way was changed so that the car cavalcade had to make a sharp turn, slowing to 20 km per hour.
The question remains: how many shots were fired, from whom and by whom exactly? Despite this, I am certain of 1 thing: Lee Harvey Oswald did not shoot anyone on November 22, 1963.
The negative consequence of the nitrate test, its inferior shooting qualifications, mostly non-aggressive nature, the mediocre quality of the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, which he allegedly acquired for the postage pass and utilized in the bombing and the deficiency of any evidence in the execution of Tippit—all this confirms that he did not kill anyone but acted simply as he had reserved himself, “used by all losers”.
The President's blood inactive hasn't cooled off erstwhile the well-organized cloaking action began.
Kidnapping his body to the Air Force presidential plane They, despite the loud objections of authoritative representatives of the Texas Parkland Hospital, allowed the body to be removed before a mandatory autopsy would uncover that he had been shot from both directions: front and back.
Lyndon Johnson was immediately sworn in as the fresh president, thereby averting the alarming anticipation of a national safety threat. The plane went consecutive from Love Field to Bethesda Military infirmary in Maryland, where they were already expected in an autopsy room, and there the Hippocrates swears and any serious effort to search fact was abruptly put aside against the chief military rule—to follow orders without discussion.
As shortly as the presidential plane took off with Kennedy's corpse on board, it was officially announced that the president had been shot at behind. It was besides announced that this crime was committed by a single bomber,
confused marauder Marxist, acting without helpers and without motives. Dallas PD has already held him in custody in Captain Will Fritz's office, head of homicide. The threat so feared has passed. The United States government was one more time in good hands. The coup d'état achieved its objectives with clockwork precision. The primary individual in the U.S. government was deprived of his life, and the large (and necessary) changes in American abroad policy no longer required a fewer months or weeks but a fewer days to come.
Meanwhile, a cloaking operation was developing. national service officers sent politician John Conally's clothes, containing multiple traces of crime, to the laundry and thoroughly washed the presidential limousine, removing key traces of blood, bones and bullet fragments, then agents of these services “revised” Oswald's office but found nothing.
The FBI covered up the fact that it had been informed of the President's life conspiracy 5 days before the assassination and began harassing witnesses specified as Fenel Farrington and attempted to silence the others, specified as Richard Randolph Carr. She went far adequate to dare change the content of Julia Ann Mercer's testimony, which accurately identified Jack Ruby as a man laying a firearm on a hill on the street Elm about an hr before the bombing.
Dallas Homicide could've lost 2 rifles found in the library. 1 of them was very precise Mauser 7.65. Besides, he never took care of the evidence of Sheriff Roger Craig, who saw a Nash Rambler pickup truck outside Oswald's library and 3 men. small of this was even refused to accept this fact. For 10 months, it was besides hidden that Oswald had been subjected to a nitrate test, destroyed, altered, or manufactured key ballistic evidence on Tippit's murder, and most importantly, allowed Jack Ruby to kill Oswald in the basements of a police building surrounded by a twelve police officers. At best, Ruby helped prepare for the assassination, and for this reason he could be put by the organizers in a situation where he had no choice but to destruct Oswald. This act of violence, silencing the only man who could identify the conspirators, was the culmination of a cloaking action.
After specified a large success in covering tracks, the drama scene was ready to accept the authoritative version of the crime. The surviving elements of the government from Lyndon Johnson upstairs, by J. Edgar Hoover, to Earl Warren downstairs – rapidly noted the anticipation of supporting the script.
There was no coup, our democracy is not threatened, only a single malcontent murdered the president in a pointless, chaotic act of violence.
The premise of those who organized and carried out the bombing was rapidly understood: a strong political consensus, as before the Kennedy election, should be obtained immediately. There's no evidence that Johnson, Hoover, Warren, or Allen Dulles were active in the preparation of the crime, but I don't hesitate to classify them as contributors after the fact. As shortly as the members of the intelligence organizations realized what had happened, they immediately began to support the authoritative version of the assassination, based in any cases on self-defense, in others belief that Kennedy, erstwhile making besides many compromises with the Soviets, brought on himself criminals, the remainder of the nation – from elected public officials to chiefs of departments and agencies – joined the choir singing the large Lie. It was a typical improvement of successful coups. In the early 17th century, English poet Sir John Harrington wrote the following verse:
Betrayal never succeeds. What is the reason? If she succeeds – no 1 calls her betrayal.
Formal designation of the authoritative version of the events occurred erstwhile legislature allowed president Johnson, heir of power, to appoint a commission to conduct an investigation under Warren with the engagement of CIA's ex-director, Allen Dulles. The Commission report, built on the prestige and trust of highly respected personalities, placed the authoritative seal of acceptance under the communicative of a maniac-criminal. For the government, however, let's say a reluctantly looking at the engagement of the CIA and the engagement of another intelligence institutions in covering their tracks, specified a study seemed a good way out of the situation.
The next president and the fresh lawyer General, with all the resources of the FBI and the full national government, did not undertake to uncover the truth.
In my opinion, it was the opposite:
When I launched a real investigation into this case, national officials tried to blur the truth. I was denied cooperation erstwhile I wanted to interview the most crucial witnesses,
like Allen Dulles. I discovered that the most crucial papers were destroyed, changed, classified or sealed by the government for 75 years. I myself have been denounced by the President, the lawyer General and the Chief Judge. My investigation was under surveillance and diversion by national agents. In the end, I found myself on the bench of the defendants, sucked from a finger, charges.
The government's action to mask the fact and approve the version of a single bomber was supported by a flood of misinformation appearing in the major mass media. The dissemination of misinformation here was the last essential component for a successful coup. It happens to be 1 of the CIA's specialty. For a number of years, the agency had on its payroll, for example, journalists working officially in the mass media and, in fact, spreading propaganda. She co-financed publications of over 1,000 books. manager of the Institute for Political Studies Richard Barnet wrote about this, among others:
The function of the underground planet of intelligence is to cheat. Its goal is to make a deluded reality so that it does not seem to service manipulation and diversion. Over 200 agents pose as businessmen abroad. The CIA admits that 30 celebrated journalists have been on its payroll since planet War II. ‘Private‘ corporations specified as Air America and another Agencyheads, false foundations, student, ecclesiastical and another organizations are part of a false world, which yet leads to the confusion of American citizens as well as another governments.
For 25 years, U.S. citizens have been bombarded by propaganda, indicating a variety of possible “false sponsors” (the word “false sponsor” is utilized in the jargon of secret intelligence agents and identifies individuals or public organizations with work for the action, thus distracting people from the intelligence circles). For citizens' money, they were thoroughly brainwashed with skillful misinformation.
In addition, chaos was constantly intensified, and audience attention turned in a different direction by this endless stream of paper articles, tv “documentations”, periodicals and books. An incredible accumulation of "false sponsors" included Lee Harvey Oswald, KGB, Howard Hughes, Texas oil barons, organized crime, and Fidel Castro. And all to distract U.S. citizens from the coup. And it was done effectively.
The main false sponsor was the scapegoat itself, Lee Harvey Oswald. Appointed for this function by intelligence, he was formally subjugated by the Warren Commission and another advanced levels of the U.S. government. However, as time passed, it turned out that the communicative of a lone criminal had broken up, and most of its supporters were silent.
I was very amazed erstwhile I late discovered that Time magazine, a long-term and zealous supporter of this theory, is inactive loyal to Lee Oswald's false sponsor. We must appreciate the amount of attachment to this thesis, which for 25 years held back any reasonable reasoning on this matter. Discussing in the issue on 1 August 1988 the book Don DeLillo "Libra", which in a fictional yet provocative form depicts both the murders of Kennedy and the alleged criminal. ‘Time’ considers it a mistake so far to claim that,The game to kill the president was much bigger than at first imagined‘. Authoritatively, it presents a simpler possibility: “Frustrated, bitter young man looks out the window, looks at the passing president and in a abrupt rush of emotion shoots him‘.
When I read specified a brief and concise explanation of 1 of the most intricate mysteries of history, I conclude that there is no reason to talk about it.
One of the most intriguing "false sponsors" in this case was Fidel Castro. During all my years of investigation, I met people, especially at universities who claimed that Oswald could not kill the president without anyone's help. On the another hand, they were convinced that Castro was the driving force behind the full project. Let us first check the logic of this situation.
Firstly, it should be remembered that at a critical minute during the CIA invasion in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in 1961, the P.O. chief of the Agency begged the president to let the support of jet fighters located in the close naval aviation base. Kennedy refused, and the invasion ended in defeat. A year later, during the 1962 rocket crisis, Kennedy refused to bomb and another invasion of Cuba, contrary to the advice of most of his military advisors. I would besides like to remind you that 1 of the factors that enabled him to solve the problem of rockets peacefully in Cuba was Kennedy's agreement with Khrushchev. The president has pledged that the US will halt further attempts to invade Cuba. This was an highly unfavorable decision for CIA operatives who were preparing Cuban guerrillas at peculiar camps in Florida and Louisiana. Now we can ask the question again: “Do you truly believe that Fidel Castro wanted Kennedy out of the office of president, that he would alternatively see Lyndon Johnson in this position?”
A individual convinced of Castro's engagement in the assassination could ask many questions. Did Cuban communists truly make an operational base in the United States and gain influence among higher Dallas police officers, 1 of the most conservative cities in the United States? Would they besides receive considerable aid from elder Dallas officials, the FBI and the CIA? Or am I expected to believe that Fidel Castro sent Lee Oswald to hand out pro-communist flyers on the street and then went to Dallas and shot the president? possibly Castro only had 1 man working with him. Fortunately, Castro's thought of participating in the assassination was pointless and rapidly ventilated from the heads of primarily students.
There was besides a brief fashion to claim that “great oil magnates” supported the Kennedy assassination.
Despite this, I have never been touched by this fashion, especially due to the conviction that I have had since the very beginning of the investigation that the sources of the assassination should be sought in American intelligence organizations.
It is actual that George de Mohrenschildt was individual in the oil industry, and even served as a associate of the Petroleum Club in Dallas. From my brief conversations with him, it was clear that he was utilized not only by oil magnates, but by intelligence organizations. His duties focused on guarding Lee Oswald, and erstwhile (in the last period of Lee Harvey's preparation as a scapegoat) he left "in government affairs" in Haiti. The visit of "Jim Braden" (Eugene Hale Brading) to Hunt's office, known in the local oil manufacture a fewer days before the assassination was a top-notch gambit. Hunt besides hosted Jack Ruby, who came to him about the same time as Braden. Neither 1 of these guys was active in the oil industry. It was only about creating appearances that people active in oil mining in Texas were actively active in organizing the assassination.
Such short apparent visits came to me with the “kipping” utilized in football to confuse my opponent. Even professional footballers, however, are simply amateurs erstwhile it comes to real ‘swinging’. This is 1 of the assets of the professional work of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Of course, the main and strongest fake organizer was organized crime, mafia and mob. Many books criticizing the authoritative results of the Warren Commission's failure convinced readers that the mafia killed the president. Like any myth, there is simply a fact in it. The CIA has worked with the mob for many years. In addition, many people from the so - called mob expressed their hatred for John Kennedy and his brother, the lawyer General. In the authoritative scenario, respective representatives of this "move" were besides included.
People supporting Cuba prior to Fidel Castro's revolution created wonderful material for the explanation of organized crime. At a later phase of the private war against Fidel Castro, the CIA agreed with respective mob members—primarily Santos Trafficante and John Rosselli—to aid prepare the assassination of Fidel Castro. another arsonists who supported this action, specified as Jack Ruby, even collected weapons and ammunition for usage during the Castro expedition. small wonder, then, that after the Kennedy assassination, the Agency continued to exploit its old friend, the mob, who was just a false sponsor of the last action. The undeniable criminal acts were masked under the cloak of disinformation, so the audience's eyes were headed in the incorrect direction and American citizens did not even fishy that the CIA could be 1 of the organizers of this murder. However, for these suspicious people drawn by Agents from the crowd, the CIA became a fresh and generous godmother.
The agency utilized fresh friends not only to kill uncomfortable people and to gather weapons, but besides for another purposes. Imagine my surprise erstwhile I came across a CIA study that clearly said that "Jim Garrison, while inactive a territory attorney, was active in a secret gathering with John Rosselli in Las Vegas." Of course, it was a surviving lie. However, my honor did not let me to look indifferently at the akin defilement of my individual by a device of misinformation. (Timely innuendos that I am in friendly relations with representatives of organized crime are ridiculous to me. As a fresh Orleans territory Attorney, I succeeded in eliminating illegal raffles that were fought for at least 100 years. I cleaned out all Bourbon Street and closed the last public home in town. In fresh Orleans, where so far no territory lawyer has been re-elected, residents have chosen me for 3 full terms, lasting together 12 years. In 1987, after 10 years in court of appeal, I was re-elected as territory attorney. Apparently, the residents of this town besides mention to my accusations of working with suspicious elements like me.
I have adopted a policy of non-response to the many offensive innuendos that were intended to destruct my election campaign. And I didn't effort to explain anything so I wouldn't waste my time. The interesting thing is, I don't really know Carlos Marcello, the man with whom my stalkers most frequently associate. Throughout the years of serving as a prosecutor, I did not even learn that he was 1 of the main people in the local mob, as the Ministry of Justice claims).
Much more crucial than the slanders that have been brought against me was the success of the Agency in convincing millions of Americans that an organized crime had just taken place in the planning of the assassination of the president. I propose that we trace her relation to this plan in an old and tested way.
It should be recalled at this point that the first way of the car cavalcade did not run alongside the library building where Oswald had been working since October. Ruth Paine helped him get the job. Until the morning of 22 November, the way was scheduled for the adjacent Maine Street, which was immortalized on the front page of "Dallas Morning News". Is it truly possible for outsiders to change this way at the last minute?
Let's skip the various books proving the alleged organized crime as 1 of the main engines of the assassination of the president. If it were possible to show how outsiders could change the route, I could even accept specified a proposal as probable. But without proving it, I cannot accept the claim that the mafia murdered Kennedy.
It seemed to me that individual in a very advanced position wanted Lee Oswald close the tour. Whoever this individual was, she surely said, “If we can’t decision Oswald on the same route, we can decision this way to him.” To whom would it be better to introduce specified an undetected change to Tony Salerno (Fat Tony) or to the “secret actions” cell in any “intelligence organization”? To Tony Accardo (Big Tuna) employees, or members of the Pretorian Guards, who, in addition to the President's protection, besides have the task of determining where, where, where and erstwhile the president can go?
Setting Oswald close the way could only be crucial to individual who had orchestrated the process of gradually making him a scapegoat and created his image of a communist and supporter Fidel Castro.
Was the organized mob responsible, or was Guy Banister, a veteran of ONI, FBI, and CIA? Was Oswald working alone at any mob office or with David Ferrie at Banister's office?
Could organised criminals guarantee that the version of the first tour presented on the front page of the "Dallas Morning News" not be presented to the Warren Commission in its first form? Could they access politician Conally's clothes and send him consecutive to the laundromat to cover all traces of him? Could the mob bargain the President's body so local doctors can't dissect the body, but deliver the dead president aboard the Air Force 1 aircraft? Would the mob authorize a general who wasn't even a doctor to execute autopsy at a military hospital? Could the mob have banned pathologists from examining the wound on their neck during autopsy? Could the mob then order Commander Hums to burn all his notes taken during the autopsy? Could the mob have arranged for the President's brain to vanish from the National Archives?
After studying this case more closely, false sponsors fall off due to their own weight. The only most likely assassin remains the hand of the Central Intelligence Agency.
There's the most dynamic cell in the CIA. It is simultaneously the least visible and the most dangerous. He gets the most classified information about the main people in the government. Since the 1950s, it has increased its function in creating the abroad policy of the state.
Unlike another intelligence organizations, it creates and disseminates propaganda (the euphemistic word is “disinformation”), appoints secret armies, organizes coups, and even murders everywhere and all uncomfortable people, both at home and abroad, but always hidden. This affects more than 2/2 of the full CIA activity. erstwhile CIA officer Philip Agee admits that it is "secret political police... modern Gestapo or SS". This is not possible that the extended plan for the assassination of the president was officially supported by John McCone, CIA manager in 1963, or his deputy, Richard Helms. It could have been created in a number of lower echelons of the Agency, which carried it out in collaboration with individuals outside its own ellipse or from another organizations mainly to avoid any evidence throwing a shadow on the main CIA leaders. late we had the chance to witness a akin Iran-Contras affair in 1987. The merger of authoritative government forces with civilian forces (as was the case at Watergate) was considered to be a "project" by a certain elder officer, besides taking part.
I think the Iran-Contras affair may have been just as well a descendant of the venture that killed Kennedy. Both events hatched in the CIA, utilized elements of cooperation between intelligence veterans and average people, both were illegal and arose as a consequence of utmost right-wing ideology. A clear follow-up can be seen here. It seems to me that the dream of later CIA manager William Cassey to execute delicate and controversial operations in a way that leaves no trace of him has been alive for at least 25 years, that is, since the Kennedy assassination.
Unlike the false sponsors listed here, The CIA was indeed able to commit this murder.
In 1975, the legislature Committee led by Frank Church discovered that the Agency had planned many assassinations against different people, utilizing all the means from poison to device guns, or even staged self-righteousness.
The committee was not allowed to analyse the killings carried out in the country, but in spite of this, it was able to establish that the Agency systematically removed abroad leaders who pursued policies that did not, for example, correspond to CIA standards.
In 1953, erstwhile Allan Dulles led a radio operation from Geneva, Switzerland, the Agency organized a coup in Iran. As a consequence of this activity, erstwhile Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was removed from office, the throne was reinstated and Shah was replanted.
In 1954, in Guatemalia, Jacobo Arbenz, although not a Communist, led a very liberal policy. erstwhile certain military men there rebelled against a democratically elected leader, she stepped in and Arbenz was forced to flee the country.
In 1960, Patrice Lumumba, a strong national leader and first Congo Prime Minister, besides became the mark of the Agency. Like Mossadegh of Iran and Arbenz of Guatemalia, Lumumba was not a communist. Despite this, CIA manager Dulles authorized agents to spend $100,000 to “remove” uncomfortable politics. Shortly thereafter, CIA deputy manager Richard Bissell asked CIA scientist Joseph Scheider to prepare an assassination effort on an unspecified “African leader”.
Scheider compiled a list of toxic natural substances that origin tragic diseases typical of Africa. In his evidence to the Church Committee, Scheider admitted that he had delivered deadly substances to the CIA chief in Congo and instructed him on what he thought the killing of Lumumba should look like.
However, you never had to hotel to utilizing this poison. In January 196, Lumumba, a temporarily disenfranchised political prisoner, was placed on a plane that was allegedly to fly to Bakwanga, Katanga Province. In the mediate of the route, he was directed to Elizabethville in the same state where residents of these areas were known for their hostility to Lumumba. A fewer weeks later, it was reported that Patrice Lumumba had escaped, but his enemies murdered him. The direct engagement of the CIA in killing Lumumba is thus not clear, but the then African CIA specialist, John Stockwell, said that in 1978 a advanced agency authoritative described him driving with Lumumba's body in the trunk of his car "trying to decide what to do with him".
The Church Committee determined, in addition to planning the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, that the Agency would actively join in removing another leaders, including Rafael Trujillo from the Dominican Republic in 1961, president of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem and in 1963 and General Rene Schneider from Chile in 1970. The sobering conclusions of the Committee say that the CIA has repeatedly planned and assisted in carrying out attacks on many national leaders. (This does not include the systematic extermination of tens of thousands of agrarian leaders and suspects of cooperation with Viet Cong, as part of Operation Phoenix, conducted by the CIA in Vietnam).
All this has been confirmed by erstwhile CIA officers. According to William Harvey, for example, CIA programs to remove abroad leaders besides included "possibility to carry out the assassination". Richard Bissell, the erstwhile deputy manager of operations, besides acknowledged that the assassination plans included a broad "spectrum of action" to destruct Heads of State who posed problems. It is fair to say that the CIA, as a consequence of many years of experience, had opportunities to kill president Kennedy.
And it is besides crucial that she had motives for it. Conversely, the CIA was not designed solely to collect intelligence. From its beginnings in 1947, the most crucial nonsubjective of its existence, resulting from the dominant function of the operational department, was to combat what was seen as monolithic communism. A hard line of cold-war CIA obsessions at the time of the Truman and Eisehnover administration, the claim that the USSR is active in the U.S. demolition plan and global conquest—were separated by sister FBI agency, led by Edgar Hoover and by many influential people from the government.
President Kennedy campaigned and took up his office confirming as if his administration would proceed an uncompromising policy towards the Soviets. However, it became increasingly clear to all that his political doctrine did not in reality correspond to the long-term continuation of the hard line. Kennedy began playing another trumpet, starting with the refusal of General Caball to air support for a wobbly CIA invasion in Bay of Pigs. He continued to reject the proposal to bomb and invade Cuba during the rocket crisis, bet on signing the Treaty of atomic Trials in Moscow despite the first opposition of military advisers, yet his decision to retreat from Vietnam in 1963, until he considered establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. (It seems that Kennedy did indeed receive very small support in Washington for his policies to reduce the military tensions he reached in 1963. His own Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, admitted in 1987 that by the end of 1965 he believed the United States would win the Vietnam War. Dan Rusk, Secretary of State in the Kennedy administration, expressed a akin view. 1 might wonder who in the U.S. government in 1963 supported Kennedy's lonely decision against continuing military engagement in Southeast Asia).
For the militant and hard-headed in the U.S. power structure, for which the CIA's operational directorate was created and for which it functioned, specified a policy was nothing but “sell everything to the communists.”
Recalling these facts, it is hard to admit that the assassination of the president hides so many secrets. We now know that a fresh aggressive course in U.S. abroad policy sparked a fern on November 22, 1963.
The fresh president carried out by gunfire to oversee abroad policy was 1 of the most enthusiastic cold war supporters of U.S. politics, although earlier as a vice president he had to be heavy restrained.
A highly regarded watcher of the Washington scene, Fred Cook, describes Lyndon Johnson as “a individual with limited cognition of abroad affairs"which only out of temperament and experience was "oriented in military matters". Johnson came to power on a wave of anti-communist crusade that defined American politics after planet War II. Shortly after the end of this war, Johnson announced that the atomic bomb could prove to be a Christian blessing “used by us to christianize or burn the world.” Johnson's demonstration enthusiasm for U.S. abroad intervention was the reason for giving him the description "Senator of the Pentagon" powerfully contrasted with Kennedy's intention to retreat from Vietnam.
It is not amazing that, after president Kennedy's death and Lyndon Johnson's swearing in, dramatic changes in American abroad and military policy took place.
Kennedy's order to return from Vietnam the first 1000 American soldiers before December was immediately lifted. Johnson's gathering at the White home with Henry Cabot Lodge, the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, on the first Sunday afternoon following Kennedy's assassination immediately after appearing at ceremony ceremonies in rotunda, Capitol. He informed Lodge that he was not going to lose Vietnam or Southeast Asia to China and stressed, “Sajgon can number on us”.
In August 1964 an incidental occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. The full case had a delicate aftertaste, characteristic of the intelligence activities. Washington announced: “During regular patrolling of global waters, the American destroyer “Madddox” was attacked for no reason”. The enemy's invisible ship launched an invisible torpedo that successfully missed. Shortly thereafter, a akin incidental occurred to another U.S. Navy vessel. Again, the opponent, as insidious as ever, did not signal the attack.
Johnson thought it was open aggression. He appeared on American tv to inform U.S. citizens that “in consequence to repeated hostile actions against US vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin present require an order from the armed forces to take appropriate action.” The leaders of both parties in legislature assured him that he would pass a resolution stating clearly that “our government is united in determination and will take all essential measures to keep freedom and defend peace in Southeast Asia”.
A resolution on the Gulf of Tonkin incident, passed on August 7, 1964, with only 2 opposing legislature votes, gave Johnson free hand to take any military action he considered necessary. This unofficial declaration of war to North Vietnam was made 1 year after John Kennedy's speech at American University, in which he expressed his hope for peace.
Immediately after the legislature resolution, American aircraft began bombing North Vietnam. The U.S. Pacific Command was ordered to prepare for combat. In 1965, more than 200,000 American soldiers went to South Vietnam. In 1966 and 1967, 300 1000 more followed. By the time the Treaty of Paris was signed in January 1973, more than 55,000 Americans and millions of Vietnamese were killed there.
Thus Kennedy's abroad policy was changed "without gathering the formal requirements of law or constitution for the formal exchange of officials", which is precisely the definition of a coup. This was the main consequence of the execution of John Kennedy, as well as the main reason for the assassination.
Is all this possible? It didn't look like that 25 years ago. However, as we now know any actual CIA past and its secret operations, the answer is yes.
