EU sanctions without effect? More and more companies linked to Russia in the EU

Based on the available, albeit scattered, sources, it is possible to reconstruct a consistent image of changes in the number of Russian companies or companies operating with crucial Russian capital in the European Union in fresh years. According to a 2022 estimate, at least 31,000 companies owned or controlled by Russian owners were then operating in Europe. This was a minimum estimate, taking into account limited data availability and complex ownership structures.