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NATIONAL ARMY THE MOST INDEPENDENT planet WAR II ARMY
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The Polish State, reborn after 1 100 and twenty-three years of captivity as the Second Republic, did not cease to be after German and russian aggression in September 1939. The illegal 4th partition of the Republic of Poland and its temporary business did not abolish the sovereignty of the state and the continuity of the Polish authorities throughout its area was maintained. The Polish State continued as an underground state, led by full legal primaries: the president of the Republic, the Government and the Chief Leader, and their national representations and under the most hard conditions of both occupations and unprecedented panic fulfilled almost all its assigned functions as rulers, organizers, military and guardians. The highest authority in the underground state was exercised by the Government Delegate to the Country, since May 1944 in the rank of Deputy Prime Minister, leading the privatised civilian administration of the Government Delegation at central level, in voivodships and counties, regardless of the artificial boundaries which the occupiers shared the lands of the Second Republic.
In the course of the September campaign, an underground military and political authorities with independency objectives were launched. The association of the armed forces of the Polish Underground State was a conspiratorial, military-political organization called the Polish triumph Service. Its continuation was formed by General Władysław Sikorski's Armed Combat Union strictly subordinate to the emigration government. On 4 December 1939, General Kazimierz Sosnkowski issued instructions on the creation of the ZWZ. Unlike the assumptions of the SZP, which was to organize combat and sabotage actions, the instruction for the OGM, brought to the country in January 1940, assumed a long preparatory period. The union was to be a national, cross-party and strictly military organization, separated from political communication committees.
General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (Godemb's coat of arms), headed by General Stefan Grot-Rowecki as commander of the German business area and General Michał Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, was to be the commander of the russian business area. The defeat of France and the transfer of the Polish emigration government to London coincided with the change of the command strategy of the underground army. On 18 June 1940, General Rowecki was appointed deputy chief of the General Police with the right to decide in the event of a failure of communication with the government, and 30 VI in a dispatch already sent from England established the Head Command of the General Police with Rowecki at the head. It contained guidelines implemented in 3 stages: - conspiracy, widespread uprising, - reconstruction of the armed forces. The first was to be the preparation of the second. He predicted the construction of an armed force which, in due time, would fight the occupier at the command of the Chief Leader. He besides set out circumstantial tasks for the EGM in the field of current combat, specified as interviews, diversion and sabotage, retaliation, self-defence, the elimination of gunfires and confiscations, the elimination of the most dangerous and harmful officers of the panic apparatus of both occupiers, propaganda and assistance to the most deprived.
The second stage, the universal uprising, assumed the liberation of the lands by the Polish forces of the underground army. The last version of it was Operation Storm.
ZWZ operated during the most hard period of Polish and Polish conspiracy. The Nazi war device ran from triumph to victory. The hopes of the imminent defeat of Germany, fed by the Poles, were shattered. It's clear she'll should be waiting a long time. By force of things, this inhibited the improvement of the underground army. Nevertheless, her forces continued to grow in both occupations. According to the Chief Command in London, the unification of armed organizations formed by various environments was besides slow.
On 14 II 1942, the OGM was renamed the National Army, which was to undertake an underground integration action. The AK was headed by Chief General Grot-Rowecki. Another change in the name of the underground army did not change substance, tasks, strategical goals, subordination. It remained the same army, only grew in numbers (by the end of 1942 there were about 200,000 soldiers), led to the end of the construction of territorial and command structures, intensified the fight. The organizational grid created by the OGM remained fundamentally unchanged.
The National Army operated in 17 districts which corresponded to 17 provinces of the Second Republic. The districts were divided into circuits - in early 1944 there were 280 of them. The intermediate cell was the subdistrict. Depending on the needs of the districts and subdistricts, regional inspectorates were created, focusing on respective circuits, while in the circuits - areas covering respective facilities. The combat unit was a platoon full of 35-50 people, or a skeleton, grouping 16-25 people, designed to be replenished after announcing a state of alertness. In II 1944, the National Army had 6287 platoons full and 2613 skeletons. This division passed the exam well and fundamentally continued until the end of the occupation. The primary intent of the AK's operations was self-defense and the preparation of a widespread uprising at the time of the collapse of Germany. For the time being, an open fight against the occupier was not planned due to the fact that it had no chance of success before the decisive decisions in the planet war, and could have caused incalculable losses.
Since its inception, the AK has been a mass organization, expanding its ranks by recruiting volunteers and continuing the unitary action launched by the Armed Forces Union. 1940-1944 joined the AK, among others: Secret Army Poland, Polish Armed Organization \"Znak\", People's Guard, PPS-WRN, Secret Military Organization, Armed Confederation, Socialist Combat Organization, Polish Freedom Union and partially National Military Organization, Peasants Battalions and National Armed Forces. Outside the AK, the People's Army, the Polish People's Army and another smaller organizations remained.
The number of sworn soldiers of the AK at the beginning of 1942 was around 100,000, at the beginning of 1943 about 200 thousand, in the summertime of 1944 about 380 thousand, including about 10,8 1000 officers, 7.5 1000 subjects and 87.9 1000 officers. The AK staff recruited from officers and sub-commissioners of the pre-September army and from the graduates of the secret Substitute School School of Reserves and Substitute Courses of Infantry Petty Officers, as well as transferred to the country of officers, alleged silent. Since 1943, companies and battalions have been created in the units subordinate to the Home Army Headquarters, including: \"Zośka\" \"Parasol\", \"Miotła\", \"Czata\", since 1944 - regiments, brigades, divisions, regimental and divisional groups. National Army personnel besides supplied the alleged 'silents' - selected soldiers of the Polish Army in the West, of which 316 were transferred by air to the Country. They were an highly valuable and militant part of the diversion management.
All activities and forces of the AK were headed by its commander, besides utilizing the title ‘Commander of the Armed Forces in the Country’. After the Gestapo arrested General Grot-Rowecki (30 June 1943), he became General Tadeusz Komorowski-“Bór”. The 3rd and last commander of the AK was Gen. Leopold Okulicki- ‘Boy’, ‘Kobra’. Due to the fact that the AK constituted the main part of the Polish armed forces, its commander was straight subject to the Chief Chief, in whose staff there was a peculiar unit for communication with the country. The command authority of the AK commander was the office Staff, His boss was besides Deputy Commander. The Main Command besides included the KG Diversification Management (Kedyw) formed in October 1942 as a consequence of the merger of AK's sabotage and diversion units – the Union of Revenge and the "Wachlarz". His next bosses were: Colonel August Emil Fieldorf (from autumn 1942 to February 1944), followed by Colonel Jan Mazurkiewicz "Radosław". The Head of the Military Offices was besides located in the General Command, which headed the construction of the universal militarized administration created for the period of establishment.
The weapons collected by the AK came from stocks buried by Polish troops after September 1939, purchases and acquisitions, own production and discharges. The weapons were secretly manufactured in private establishments or in their own underground workshops, which supplied AK with device guns specified as Lightning and Sten, flamethrowers, mines, bombs, grenades and explosives. In July 1942, the chief commander of the AK General Rowecki decided to decision from passive opposition to limited combat, which intensified with each month. The propaganda run was besides intensified, strengthening the nation’s religion in victory. Its fragment was an "N" action aimed at the soldiers of the Wehrmacht, and an inevitability of the imminent defeat of the 3rd Reich. The strength of the current fight intensified after Kedyw was created. The Home Army troops carried out 1175 shares and derailments of trains, blew up 38 bridges, damaged 19,058 wagons, destroyed 1167 petrol tanks, burned 272 military warehouses, destroyed 4,326 military cars, liquidated as part of self-defense, over 2,000 Gestapo agents. The AK commander besides had a peculiar squad dedicated to combating the elder officers of the Nazi panic apparatus. It was the Wasp (Special Action Organisation). There was besides a branch of the “Wachlarz” moving operations in the back of the east Front. Kedyw joined the Conspiracy Combat Management with the chief commander of the AK at the head. Groups of Scouts from the Grey Lines began to visit Kedyw's troops and organized their own diversion units.
In March 1943, Tadeusz Zośki-Zawadzki's branch led by Stanisław Orza - Broniewski, Commandant of Chorąg Warszawska, captured 25 prisoners, including Jan Rudego - Bytnar from the attack groups of the Grey ranks. Kedyw besides expanded guerrilla troops in the field. This action was accelerated by the displacement of the Polish population from Zamość, which was opposed by force to which they fought together with the Peasants Battalions in XII 1942 at the conflict of Woja and in II 1943 at Zaboreczne.
On July 5, 1943, the delegate of the government and the chief commandant of the AK merged the civilian Combat Management with the Conspiracy Combat Management of the Underground Combat Management. Since then, all actions against the occupier were coordinated by the KWP. In late 1943, an AK commander issued an order to the area and territory commanders containing guidelines for an increased sabotage and diversion action, which was given the code name “Burza”. It predicted an armed action against the Germans and the taking over of power in liberated areas before the Red Army entered, which the AK wanted to welcome as a host of the area.
The “Burza” actions continued from January to autumn 1944. It became a large conflict fought in a vast area. It started in Volyn, due to the fact that for the first time russian troops were in the territory of the Second Republic. 27 Volynska Infantry Division under the command of Colonel Jan Kiperski-‘Oliwa’ was broken by the NKWD. The culmination of the “Burza” at the north-east was the “Hard Gate”, which lasted from 7 to 13 July in the conflict of Vilnius. Through the Lublin Earth, “Burza” rolled over in the last decade of July. As the front moved westward it moved and "Burza". She passed through Białostockie and Podlasie, through Rzeszów and Krakowskie, and took over the Sandomierski Inspectorate. During its duration, the Home Army beat Germans together with the Red Army. erstwhile the AK troops performed their task, they were surrounded and disarmed. Officers were taken to russian camps. The subjects and privates were incorporated into Berling's army. quite a few them were taken out. Many must have been hiding. The military objectives of the “Burs” were achieved, but their political effects were different.
The Warsaw Uprising was an integral part of “Burza”, its apogee and culmination. 21 July 1944 Gen. Tadeusz Komorowski, pp. “Bór”, “Znicz”, “Lawina”, “Korczak” (born 1 June 1895 in Chorobrowa, born 24 August 1966 in Buckley, England) is simply a divisional general of the Polish Army, commander of the National Army, Chief Leader, bachelor of the Order of the White Eagle and Virtuti Militari. Komorowski included Warsaw in the action “Burza” in accordance with the instructions of the chief commander of 7 VII. The uprising, the longest and bloodiest conflict of the AK, the largest military operation of the anti-Hitler underground throughout occupied Europe, for a period of 2 months tied considerable German forces, forcing the command of Wehrmacht to change operational plans.
The Warsaw Uprising began on 1 August 1944 at 17:00. Although military action plans were not to begin until 24 hours after the announcement of the ambulance, the fight between concentrated Polish troops and patrols or smaller German troops began just before “W” hour. Warsaw has been divided into 7 circuits: Śródmieście, Mokotów, Żoliborz, Wola, Ochota, Prague, and the \"Obroża\" circuit - having within its scope the Warsaw district, and the independent territory \"Okęcie\". About 38,000 soldiers fought in the city itself, and about 11,000 suburban soldiers. Due to the disastrous orders given on the eve of the uprising, including the return to the east districts of large arms lots along with ammunition (totaling about 900 device guns) the weaponry of AK troops was fatal. According to the state of February 29, 1944, the territory of Warsaw had a full of 20 dense device guns, 98 hand device guns, 604 device guns, 1386 guns, 2665 guns, 2 armor guns, 2 piats, 12 armor guns, 50,000 grenades and 5,000 ignition bottles.
The uprising must have fallen due to the fact that the forces were uneven, and effective aid from nowhere came. After 63 days of heroic fighting, the AK commanders made the decision to surrender, which he signed in Ożarów on 2 X 1944. Gen. “Bór” - Komorowski. On 19 and 1945 General Leopold Okulicki dissolved the AK. The losses of the AK amounted to about 100,000 dead and murdered soldiers, about 50,000 were exported to the USSR and imprisoned, e.g. in Riazana, Borowicz and Ostashkov. General Okulicki, who was tried in the trial of sixteen, was sent to Moscow prison. In the face of the repression of russian and Polish safety services, not all branches of the Home Army obeyed the order to demobilize, including the execution of the order refused by the territory of Bialystock. fresh conspiracy organisations have been created, e.g. the National Army opposition Movement (ROAK), the Association 'Freedom and Independence'. AK soldiers were persecuted by communist authorities, especially during the Stalinism period, many of them were sentenced to death penalty, or to many years of imprisonment.
The National Army was 1 of the most many underground armies in Europe, operating in a country occupied by enemy troops. Its organization, discipline, training and scale of combat activities confirmed that it was an crucial military force - an army of the Polish Underground State.
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