It has been over 100 years since the birth of the thought of an integral Ukrainian nationalism. It would seem that the insane ideas of Hruszewski, Michnowski and Doncov effectively buried the large defeat of fascists during planet War II. Not gonna happen. In modern Ukraine, these forgotten and condemned ideas of the full planet came to life again and became the bone of building modern society. In front of our eyes Bander, Szuchewycz, Klawczyska become national heroes of Ukrainians and the slogan of supremacy of the alleged “nation” over the law and morality – universal. How did this happen, and why was it possible? How could these sick nazmats last in specified a liberal, natural condemnation of all nationalisms in the modern world?
BIRTH OF UKRAIN FASCHIM
Ukrainian nationalists already during planet War I, thanks to the aid of Germany, tried to make the primaries of the state organization. Fortunately, the nationalistic ideas gained small resonance in Ukrainian masses. Also, the neighbouring states did not want to de facto have a Ukrainian force centre, treating the Ukrainian People's Republic and its subsequent mutations as an expression of German imperialism. The resurrected Polish state, as well as the Bolsheviks, who conquered Russia in 1917 immediately tried to destruct this dangerous state organism. besides the alleged "White Russians" and their leaders Denikin and Wrangel did not see in the fresh Ukraine the ground level for alliances. Therefore, after the defeat of the Central States at the end of 1918 and the withdrawal of the German army from the east, the Kiev ephemera – without external assistance – had to fall.
However, the thought of Ukrainian nationalism is not missing. In a fresh version, he showed it to the planet of judaic Konowalec. He created on emigration the Ukrainian Military Organization, whose intent was initially to organize diversion and sabotage in the erstwhile east Galicia, and then through terrorism to bring the Ukrainians into mass armed combat with Poland and the USSR so as to be able to establish an independent Ukrainian state. The diversity-terrorist character of the UOW was rapidly seen by interviews by Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and the Lions, which in the organisation's financing saw a chance for themselves to influence the course of affairs in Poland and the USSR. Powerful Ukrainian minorities in both countries were able to effectively destabilise their social and political lives.
An uprising in 1929 at the Vienna OUN legislature – the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists is the final derailment of the Ukrainian national thought and its drive towards an integral nationalism characterized by cultural hatred towards neighbours and the adoption of totalitarian state building patterns from fascist countries – Germany and Italy. specified a state-generated model was a deadly threat to all the neighbours both for Poland and the USSR, but besides for Hungary, Slovakia and Romania, as well as for the Jews surviving in the area. It meant that in the event of weakening the state structures, all these nations considered to be ethnically hostile could be systematically destroyed by the Ukrainians implementing their state ambitions.
Unfortunately, all these fears were confirmed in 1939. Deprived of their country, Poles were exposed to planned annihilation in areas with the majority of cultural – Ukrainian. The Ukrainian allies of Hitler were able to implement the policy of extermination of Poles and Jews without major obstacles. The bloody nationalist frenzy continued until the liberation of Ukraine by the Red Army in mid-1944. Unfortunately, this inflamed cultural cleansing performed by Ukrainians was successful. Ukrainians effectively murdered all Jews in Ukraine and a crucial part of Poles. The survivors of the Polish community had to flee for Bug.
BANDERA AND WOOD
With the triumph of the russian Union in planet War II, the genocidal ideas of integral Ukrainian chauvinism did not vanish as it might seem. They were curious in successive powers which saw in their maintenance the anticipation of interior weakening the USSR and the full socialist bloc. On emigration, the leaders of Ukrainian forces were Stefan Bandera and Mikoła Łebed – representing the revolutionary wing of the CNS movement, commonly referred to as the bander movement.
Both began their terrorist profession by killing Minister Bronisław Pieracki in 1934, both were sentenced by the Polish court to death penalty, later replaced for life. Bandera himself was caught rather rapidly by the Polish authorities thanks to the assistance of the Czechs, while Mykoła Łebeda was only issued on Hitler's individual command and deported from Germany to Poland.
After the tragedy of September 1939, Łebed and Badera were freed by the victorious Germans. Both led by Abwehra until 1941 implemented the German plan to exterminate Jews and Poles in occupied lands of the Second Republic. After the German attack on the USSR and the effort to make an "Independent Ukraine" in July 1941 in Lviv- Hitler ordered the arrest of Bandera and Łebed for insubordination. In his imagination of east Europe, he saw no subjectivity for these "Slavic cattle" - he expressed. The flag was kept under comfortable conditions in the camp in Sachsenhausen until the end of the war, while the Łebed managed to escape, and it was actually the creator of the military OUN-B structures from which the UPA grew. It was the Head of the “Safety Service” of the Head of the Łebed that ensured the actual dominance of banderos in the Ukrainian nationalist movement. He was the 1 who held subsequent CNS-B conferences until May 1943. It was Łebed who negotiated with the Polish AK, Germany, Hungary and the English. It was thanks to him that a body called the Ukrainian Main Liberation Council of UHWR was created and he as its typical went to the West in July 1944 with the intention of establishing contacts with allies from the West.
On emigration, Łebed and Hrynioch (representative of Archbishop Szeptycki) had real contacts with Ukraine and the UPA armed movement. Stefan Bandera – even though as a legend he gave a face to all Ukrainian structures – has been isolated from the country for many years, and even from Ukrainian emigration groups, whose numbers in the West were estimated at that time as many as 250,000 refugees.
In the early post-war years, Ukrainian camps for displaced persons were the habitat of nationalist proselytism. Isolated for years, Bander was determined to take control of the real emigration community. In February 1946, he formed the OUN abroad Section (ZCh/CNS), an emigration branch of the Bandery Group, in which he was to keep a "strong position on all issues, political education, ideological-political unity and associate discipline". Bandera intended to make a dictatorship in exile (like Hitler in Germany), which he would then transfer to liberated Ukraine. According to U.S. intelligence, the OUN abroad Section routinely applied intimidation and even panic to political enemies. Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) reports of U.S. counterintelligence – they listed Bandera as “an highly dangerous one” due to the fact that he was inclined to usage force against Ukrainian rivals for power.
At the OUN abroad Section convention in August 1948, Bander expelled the Hrynioch-Lebeda group from the organization and ordered his supporters to resign from the UHVR structures. Bandera then controlled about 80 percent of the organization and claimed exclusive powers to direct Ukrainian national movement in the country and on emigration. He besides continued the tactics of panic against anti-Bander Ukrainian leaders in Western Europe and did everything to take control of Ukrainian emigration organizations. Representatives of American intelligence estimated that as much as 80 percent of all Ukrainian bands from east Galicia were loyal to Bandera. But it was an thought headship. In fact, Łebed and Hrynioch continued to stay authoritative representatives of UHVR abroad.
Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) - was first curious in Stefan Bandera in September 1945. Until August 1947, erstwhile UPA bandits withdrew on ft to the U.S. business region in Germany, the CIC interviewed them massively about the military situation in western Ukraine, the composition of UPA troops, their contacts in the U.S. region and links with Bandera itself. As regards the actions of the bander before and during the war, U.S. intelligence officials seemed to realize small beyond Bandera's implications in the Piernacki assassination. They had no thought of the function of the bander in cultural cleansing during the war.
Very aggressive ideally banderists already in 1947 were represented in all Ukrainian camps for displaced persons in the American region and in the British and French zones. They had a sophisticated courier strategy reaching Ukraine. The CIC itself called Bandera, who was at the time in Munich, as “an highly dangerous”. He was “still on the road, frequently disguised”, with bodyguards ready to “get free of any individual who could be dangerous to [Banders] or his team”. The UPA bandits announced that Bandera was “considered the spiritual and national hero of all Ukrainians”.
The recently established CIA has never considered establishing an alliance with Bandera in order to get intelligence from Ukraine. “By nature,” says the CIA report, “[Bander] is simply a politically implacable man with large individual ambitions, who has since April 1948 opposed all political organizations on emigration that advocate a typical form of government in Ukraine in contrast to the mono-party government of OUN/Bandera”. Worse still, his intelligence agents in Germany were insecure. They could have been infiltrated by KBG. Hearings of couriers from western Ukraine in 1948 confirmed that "the reasoning of Stefan Bandera and his direct supporters on emigration [became] radically outdated in Ukraine". Bandera was besides a convicted killer. The CIA has already heard of Bandera's fraticidal battles with another Ukrainian groups during the war and on emigration. By 1951, Bandera besides became loudly anti-American as the United States no longer advocated independent Ukraine.
British MI6 first contacted Bandera in April 1948. In 1949, MI6 began to assist Bandera in sending his own agents to Western Ukraine by droppings. In 1950, MI6 began training agents while waiting for them to supply intelligence from Western Ukraine.
CIA and State Department officials powerfully opposed the English usage of Bandera.
In 1950, the CIA collaborated with the Hrynioch-Lebed group and began sending its own agents to Western Ukraine to make contact with UHVR. Bandera no longer had the support of UHVR or even the leadership of the CNS organization in Ukraine. Bandera agents besides appeared against Ukrainian agents utilized by the CIA. In April 1951, CIA officials tried to convince MI6 to retreat support from Bandera. MI6 refused. They thought that Bandera could direct his agents without British support, and MI6 "tryed gradually to take control of Bandera's lines". The British besides felt that the CIA underestimated the importance of Bandera. "The name of Bandera," they said, "still was of large importance in Ukraine and... The UPA referred primarily to him.”
For any time British officials tried to reconcile Bandera with the leadership of Lebed, but Bander and Stećko refused. In February 1954 London had adequate of Ukrainian soap opera and Bandera fundamentalism. ‘It appeared that there was no alternate another than breaking up with Bandera in order to safe the remaining healthy elements of the OCH/CNS and to let for further operational use. The difference of opinion between us was complete.” MI6 abandoned, so all the trained agents who were inactive loyal to Bandera.
Stefan Bandera remained in Munich. He had 2 trained radio operators in the UK and continued to recruit agents himself. He issued a paper that spit out anti-American rhetoric and utilized loyal bandits to attack another Ukrainian emigration newspapers and terrorize political opponents on Ukrainian emigration. He attempted to penetrate American military and intelligence offices in Europe and intimidate Ukrainians working for the United States. He continued sending agents to Ukraine, backing them with counterfeit American money. As a result, in 1957 both the CIA and MI6 concluded that all erstwhile Bandera agents in Ukraine were under russian control. So he had no operational contact. Bandera himself tried to look for another sponsors. He was in contact with German and Italian interviews. But the diagnosis made by the Anglo-Saxon services was correct. The Bandery Group was completely infiltrated by the KGB. Cooperation before it seemed crazy and compromised the intelligence structures. Although he had to be physically eliminated, however, the opinion prevailed so as not to make him a martyr. Together with the German BND, they tried to get him a visa and to decision Bandera to the US to isolate him from external influences. On October 15, 1959, only 10 days after the CIA branch in Munich applied for a visa, KGB killer Bogdan Staszyński murdered Bandera with a peculiar weapon that sprayed cyanide dust in the victim's face. KGB agents who had infiltrated Bandera and BND years ago seemingly decided that they could not live with another alliance between German intelligence officers and Ukrainian fanatics. The conviction was accepted by Nikita Khrushchev.
AREODINAMIC
Berlin's blockade in 1948 and the threat of European war prompted the CIA to analyse East European emigration groups and the degree to which they could supply key intelligence information. In the ICON project, the CIA has examined 30 different groups and recommended operational cooperation with the Hryniocha-Łebeda group, as the best suited for conspiracy work. Compared to Bandera Hrynioch and Łebed, they were a moderate, unchangeable and operationally safe group with the strongest ties to the Ukrainian underground in the USSR. A group of opposition and intelligence outside the USSR would be useful if war broke out. The CIA provided money, supplies, training, radio transmission equipment, parachute discharges, and trained agents. The agency besides reinforced courier routes by Czechoslovakia, utilized by bandits and UPA messengers. As Łebed later put it, “dropping operations were the first real clues that American intelligence was willing to supply active support in creating communication lines in Ukraine.”
CIA operations with these Ukrainians began in 1948 under the code name CARTEL, shortly changed to AERODYNAMIC. Hrynioch remained in Munich, but Łebed moved to fresh York City and gained permanent residence position and then American citizenship. This saved him from the assassination, besides allowed him to talk to Ukrainian emigration groups. He could besides return freely to the United States after operating trips to Europe.
The head was the CIA's main contact in Operation AERODYNAMIC. CIA guardians pointed to his “stifling character”, “relationships with Gestapo and... training Gestapo”. They claimed that he was a “very ruthless personality.” Headed himself had no individual political aspirations. He was unpopular among many Ukrainian expatriates due to the brutal takeover of power in UPA during the war – a takeover that included killing rivals. That's why he was absolutely safe for intelligence. To prevent russian penetration, he did not let anyone from his closest surroundings from those who came to the West after 1945. It was said that he had a prime operating mind, and until 1948, according to Dulles, he had “invaluable value for the Agency and its operations.
The first phase of AERODYNAMIC included infiltration into Ukraine, followed by exfiltration of Ukrainian agents trained by the CIA. Until January 1950, it was attended by the CIA arm for collecting secret intelligence information (Special Operations Office, OSO) and another body for secret operations (Politic Coordination Office, OPC). This year's operations revealed "a well-established and safe underground movement" in Ukraine, which was "yet larger and more developed than indicated by erstwhile reports". Washington was peculiarly pleased with the advanced level of training of UPA in Ukraine and its possible for further guerrilla activities.
The CIA decided to extend its activities to include "support, improvement and operation of the Ukrainian underground movement for opposition and intelligence purposes". “Taking into account the size and activity of the opposition in Ukraine,” said OPC chief Frank Wisner, “we consider it a task of the highest priority.” However, rather rapidly individual members of these sabotage teams from 1949 to 1953 were captured and killed. By 1954, the Lebeda group had actually lost all contact with Ukrainian UHVR. During this time, NKWD troops defeated both UHVR and UPA in Ukraine. In view of the change in general circumstances in Ukraine, the CIA ended the aggressive phase of AERODYNAMIC.
PROLOGIC ISSUE
Beginning in 1953, AERODYNAMIC began to operate through a Ukrainian investigation group led by Łebed in fresh York under the auspices of the CIA, which collected Ukrainian literature and past and issued Ukrainian nationalist newspapers, bulletins, radio programs and books for distribution in Ukraine. In 1956, this group was formally registered as a non-profit association Prolog investigation and Publishing Association. This enabled the CIA to direct funds in the form of alleged private donations without any taxable traces. To avoid fresh York State's prying authorities, the CIA turned Prolog into a profit-oriented company called Prolog investigation Corporation, which allegedly received private donations. Under Hryniocha, Prolog maintained an office in Munich called Ukrainianische Gesellschaft für Auslandsstudien EV. Most Ukrainian publications were created here due to the fact that the CIA did not want the West to know its function in supporting Ukrainian nationalists
The prologue recruited and paid for Ukrainian emigration writers who were mostly unaware that they were working in an operation controlled by the CIA. Only six leading members of the ZP/UHVR were conscious agents. Starting in 1955, flyers were dropped on Ukraine by air, and radio broadcasts titled fresh Ukraine were broadcast in Athens to the Ukrainian auditorium. These actions subsequently gave way to systematic shipping campaigns to Ukraine through Ukrainian contacts in Poland and agents on emigration in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Spain, Sweden and another countries. Library, cultural institutions, administrative offices and individuals in Ukraine were sent to the paper “Summer Ukraine ” ( Contemporary Ukraine), news bulletins, a Ukrainian-language magazine for intellectuals “Summer” (Modern) and another publications. These actions promoted Ukrainian nationalism, strengthened Ukrainian opposition and provided an alternate to russian media. The prologue besides gained intelligence after russian travel restrictions were somewhat softened in the late 1950s. He supported emigration trips of students and scientists from Ukraine to technological conferences, global youth festivals, musical and dance performances, the Olympics in Rome, etc., where they could talk to the residents of the Sorbian Ukraine to learn about the surviving conditions, as well as the Ukrainians' attitude to the USSR. Leaders and Prologue agents interrogated travelers upon their return and shared information with the CIA. In 1966 alone, Prologue staff had contacts with 227 russian citizens. Since 1960, Prolog besides employed a CIA-trained Ukrainian observer, Anatol Kamiński. He created a network of informants in Europe and the United States composed of Ukrainian expatriates and another Europeans traveling to Ukraine who spoke to russian Ukrainians in the USSR or with russian Ukrainians traveling to the West. Until 1966, Kamiński was the operational manager of Prologue, while Łebed provided general management.
AERODYNAMIC was 1 of the most effective CIA operations in reaching discouraged russian citizens. In the 1960s, Prologue leaders provided reports on Ukrainian politics, Ukrainian dissident poets, KGB-related people, as well as the identities of KGB officers, russian rockets and aircraft in western Ukraine and many another subjects. The authoritative russian attacks on ZP/UHVR, as banners, German collaborators, American agents, etc., were proof of Prologue's effectiveness, as were russian repressions against Ukrainian writers and another dissidents in mid-1960.
During this time, Prolog influenced the fresh generation of Ukrainians. By 1969, Ukrainians travelling from the USSR were instructed by the dissidents there to study russian repressions in Ukraine. On the another hand, travellers to Ukraine even reported seeing the literature of ZP/UHVR in private homes. The prologue became, as 1 of the elder CIA officials said, the only "tool for CIA operations directed against the Ukrainian Socialist russian Republic and [her] forty million Ukrainian citizens". Headed retired in 1973, but remained advisor and consultant to Prolog and ZP/UHVR.
Roman Kopczyński, a Ukrainian writer who had a year at the time of the end of the war, became head of Prologue in 1979. In the 1980s, the name AERODYNAMIC was changed to QRDINAMIC and later to PDDINAMIC, followed by QRPLUMB. In 1977, president Carter's national safety advisor, Zbigniew Brzeziński, helped grow the program thanks to what he called "impressive dividends" and "impact on a circumstantial audience in the mark area". In the 1980s, ironically, there were dissidents among them – russian Jews. While the USSR was balancing on the brink of collapse in 1990, QRPLUMB was dissolved with a final payout of $1.75 million. The prologue may have continued his business, but he financed himself. In the 1980s, “Suczast” was besides published in Polish.
In June 1985, General Accounting Office listed the name Łebed in a public study on Nazis and collaborators who settled in the United States with the aid of American intelligence agencies. In the same year, the Office of peculiar Investigations (OSI) in the Justice Department began an investigation into Łebed. The CIA feared that the public control of Łebed would endanger QRPLUMB, and the deficiency of protection of Łebed would origin outrage among the Ukrainian immigrant community. The agency then protected Łebed, denying any connection between Łebed and the Nazis and arguing that he was a Ukrainian freedom fighter. The fact was evidently more complicated. Even in 1991, the CIA tried to talk OSI out of addressing German, Polish and russian governments about acts of war related to the CNS. OSI yet resigned from the case, incapable to get final papers concerning Lebed.
Mikoła Lebed, the actual neo-fascist chief in Ukraine during the war, a multiple murderer and assassin died in 1998. He was buried in fresh Jersey and his papers are at the Ukrainian investigation Institute at Harvard University.
Thanks to many years of efforts of the CIA, the ideas of Ukrainian nationalism, which are truly 1 of the mutations of Nazi Nazism, were stored and "provided" to Europe until the present time. After the establishment of the Ukrainian state in 1991, these long-lost and expired narratives were reborn again in Ukraine, poisoning with hatred and racism the minds of people surviving there. Just as in 1944, so now these sick blooms of nationalism are only announcing fresh sufferings for the Ukrainian community.
Peter Panasiuk
