Ryszard Kukliński was born to a working household with Catholic and PPS traditions. His father Stanislaus, a soldier of the Sword and Plug, was arrested during planet War II for conspiracy activity and died in a concentration camp in Sachsenhausen.
Ryszard Kukliński joined the Home Army as a 14-year-old and participated in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising.
Right after the war, at the age of 15, he began working in Wrocław, the City Protection defender of Objects; his task was to defender the soap factory. The preserved papers besides indicate that in 1946 he was briefly arrested due to belonging to the Home Army.
At the age of 17, he joined the People's Polish Army. 3 years later, he graduated from officer school. From 1950 to 1953, he served in the 9th Infantry Regiment of Pile. He rapidly followed career levels – he served as a staff officer and prepared plans for the 2nd AWP attack on Czechoslovakia.
From 1967 to 1968, he was on the global Commission for Control and Supervision of the Geneva Agreements concerning (French Indochin) Vietnam. According to the archetized biography of Kukliński My traitor friend by Maria Nurowska, Colonel Kukliński established cooperation with the CIA in Germany. This is confirmed by a short letter to the US Embassy in Bonn, issued in August 1972 with Wilhelmshaven, in which the broadcaster, utilizing broken English, proposes the appointment of an American officer speaking Polish or Russian who would be willing to meet him in 1 of the following days in Amsterdam or Ostend. Later it turned out that the author of this letter was Kukliński. According to Czesław Kiszczak, a soldier of military peculiar services, and the Minister of the Interior in the course of Kukliński's escape, Kukliński undertook spy activity through recruitment during his service in MKKiN.
Registered as OZI Management Board II WSW. This institution has been operating since 1962.
According to his report, he planned to establish a conspiracy in the Polish Army against the USSR, but the CIA dissuaded him from doing so, as being doomed to failure. Instead, he was asked to supply information that could harm the russian Union. From 1971 to 1981, Kukliński transferred over 40,000 pages of classified papers concerning Poland, the USSR and the alleged Warsaw Pact to the West. These papers concerned, among another things, plans of the USSR to usage atomic weapons, method data of the newest russian weapons including the T-72 tank and the Arrow-2 rockets, deployment of russian anti-aircraft units in Poland and the GDR, methods utilized by the russian Army to avoid tracking its facilities by spy satellites, plans to introduce martial law in Poland and many others.
On 18 October 1981, at 11.30 a.m., just before the gathering of the Central Committee of the PZPR, Mr Kuklinki sent the following message to the CIA by means of a ‘Spark’: The military was placed on advanced alert in case the discussion on the plenary took a bad turn. If it comes to the choice of liberal authorities, the army won't support it.. However, this did not happen due to the fact that Cania was replaced by Gen. Jaruzelski and the full triumph was won by the “hardhead” – the most faithful believers of communist doctrine. On Sunday 25 October at 11.15 p.m., Kukliński sent another message to the Americans: The military took steps to penetrate all areas of the country's life... At the same time, an order was issued to begin preparations for martial law action.. On 2 November, Polish communists – after reports of an informant from Rome – realized that Americans knew plans to introduce martial law in Poland. safety has launched an investigation. Ryszard Kukliński decided to take advantage of the CIA offer and flee to America. He and his wife and sons fled through Germany to the United States. On 11 November 1981, on independency Day, they landed at Andrews Air Base in Suitland, Maryland, where they were transported to a “hole” in Virginia. In Poland, they left their family, friends and beloved bitch Zula, who was put to sleep after being given to a shelter.
In the USA, Kukliński met with Zbigniew Brzeziński and immediately began reporting detailed reports. The CIA assigned him analyst Aris Pappas, a martial law expert, before whom Kukliński's identity was classified. On 11 December, the Americans knew that Polish communists had already made a decision to introduce martial law and waited only for a convenient moment. This 1 came December 13th. The communist operation was proceeding precisely as the papers collected by Kukliński indicated. There were no surprises in reports sent by Polish agents. Poles saw tanks on the streets and found that the phones were not working. More than 6000 activists of "Solidarity" were detained, including a large group of agents who were built legends of "oppositionists".
Kukliński's stay in the US was the highest secret. Unfortunately, in December 1982, newsweek published that the CIA had received plans to introduce martial law in Poland before 13 December 1981 and that the agency She had a secret agent there for a long time, who was promoted to Colonel of the Polish General Staff.. The article suggested that the CIA, knowing the Communist plans, could inform the leaders of “Solidarity”, giving them time to descend to the underground before being arrested. However, the conclusions say that “Solidarity” was swarming with communist agents and that specified a informing could have been paid with his life. Although Kukliński's name did not appear in the article, his life was inactive in danger. He besides considered revealing the phase of his cooperation with the CIA to be treason and wanted to return to Poland. He was only appeased by a letter from president Reagan in which the US authorities assured him that they would do anything to punish the individual liable for providing information to the press.
In 1984, the communist authorities in Poland sentenced Kukliński for “the envy of Homeland” to death penalty, confiscation of assets and the taking of public rights. In 1986, the communists proceeded to attack Colonel Kukliński and the United States. The “Washington Post” published on the front page an article revealing Kukliński's name and his function in handing over plans for martial law to the CIA. Information about Kukliński was provided by Jerzy Urban, a spokesperson for the Polish government. Urban besides stated in the article that in his opinion this case shows that it was the USA and Kukliński, not Jaruzelski, who betrayed “Solidarity”.
Kukliński broke down. Only a year later he gave the Parisian interview “Kultura”. He said, among others, that a informing of “Solidarity” before martial law would not have worked, as it was inevitable – if not Jaruzelski, then individual else would have introduced him. The article sparked a broad discussion. The CIA changed his whereabouts. In 1990, erstwhile Lech Wałęsa was elected president of Poland, Kukliński was reduced to 25 years imprisonment. Zbigniew Brzeziński appealed to the Polish authorities for the rehabilitation of Kukliński, but Wałęsa refused.
In 1991, TVP aired a documentary about Kukliński, which sparked a wide discussion about him by showing him as a traitor, or at least as a controversial person. In October 1992 Zbigniew Brzeziński, in a speech at the Polish American Congress, argued that the debate on Kukliński shows the misunderstanding of what their country was during communist rule. Was it a real Polish state or a dominant satellite state? – asked rhetorically. America could not realize that Polish public opinion assessed martial law as a patriotic act, and Gen. Jaruzelski calls it a hero.
The case of the rehabilitation of Kukliński gained momentum along with Poland's aspirations to join NATO. This coincided with the colonel's individual tragedy, which in 1994 lost his 2 sons under unexplained circumstances. In December 1994 he wrote about Kukliński as a hero. In early 1995, poet Zbigniew Herbert called on Walesa to annul Kukliński's sentence. On 25 May 1995 Ryszard Kukliński came to Poland for the trial. The court ruled that the conviction was revoked and directed the case for re-examination by the Warsaw Military territory prosecutor. Thus, the judges considered the state formed after the circular Table as a continuation of the communist state. The case was not settled until 1997 erstwhile the post-communist government led by Alexander Kwasniewski and Leszek Miller wanted to join NATO. The prosecution – under US force – acquitted Kukliński.
The “Gazeta Wyborcza” published an interview with military prosecutor Piotr Daniluk, in which he stated that Kukliński acted not for a higher necessity, but for money. Then there were interviews in which the interviewers judged Kukliński as a traitor. On Monday, April 27, 1998, the week erstwhile the American legislature was to approve Polish NATO membership, Kukliński flew Polish airlines to Warsaw. On 30 April 1998, the American legislature approved by a majority of 80:19 Polish admission to NATO.
Colonel Kuklinski's communicative was transferred 4 times to the screen:
- Colonel Kukliński, 1997 documentary directed by Andrzej Trzos - Rastawecki
- Case of Colonel Kukliński, 1998 documentary directed by Jolanta Kessler and Józef Szaniawski
- War Games, 2008 documentary film, directed by Dariusz Jabłoński
- Jack Strong, feature movie from 2014, directed by Władysław Pasikowski
@ Wikipedia.org, wpolityka.pl
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